Enqubweni yokwakha umkhumbi, insimbi ye-babbitt isetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemicamelo emikhunjini. Ekulungiseni umkhumbi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe lomcamelo wensimbi we-babbitt futhi kuncishiswe inhloko-dolobha nesikhathi sokukhishwa kabusha kwe-outsourcing, ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo kokulungisa umcamelo wensimbi we-babbitt eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 edlule, isethi yobuchwepheshe bokukhanda ukushisela. yensimbi ye-babbitt enezinga eliphezulu eliqeqeshiwe ifinyezwa.

Isingeniso se-1

Imishini eminingi ejikelezayo emikhunjini ithembele ekusekelweni kwama-bearings ahlukahlukene kanye nokugcotshwa kwama-bearings ngokugcoba uwoyela ukuze usebenze. I-intermediate bearing bushing ye-shaft yomsila womkhumbi, i-rod bushing ye-injini eyinhloko, i-bushing ye-generator, njll., zonke zenziwe nge-Babbitt alloy. Ngenxa yokudlidliza noma ukwehluleka kohlelo lokunikezwa kukawoyela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesikhathi eside, ingxubevange ye-Babbitt esihlahleni iyagugiswa, futhi ibangele nokuba i-alloy ye-Babbitt iwe futhi ishise. Ngakho-ke, i-casting kanye nokulungisa i-welding ivame ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseni. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula umkhuba ophumelelayo wobuchwepheshe bokulungisa i-TIG welding we-bushings eyonakele futhi eyonakele.

2 Isingeniso se-Babbitt Alloy

2.1 Izici ze-Babbitt Alloy

I-Babbitt alloy inokusebenza okuphezulu kokunciphisa ukugqokwa, ukushumeka okuhle, ukuhambisana nokungqubuzana nokumelana ne-shaft. Izinhlayiya zesigaba esiqinile zisakazwa ngokulinganayo ku-matrix yesigaba esithambile. I-matrix yesigaba esithambile inikeza ingxubevange ukushumeka okuhle, ukuthobela kanye nezakhiwo zokulwa nokuluma. Ngemuva kokungena ngaphakathi, i-matrix ethambile iba yi-concave futhi amaphuzu aqinile ayi-convex, ukuze kwakheke igebe elincane phakathi kwezindawo ezishelelayo ukuze kube indawo yokugcina uwoyela kanye nesiteshi sikawoyela wokugcoba, okusiza ukunciphisa ukuguga; futhi izinhlayiya eziqinile ze-convex zidlala indima esekelayo, ehambisana nokuzala.

2.2 Amamodeli we-babbitt alloy asetshenziswa kakhulu

Iningi lamahlahla aphakathi nendawo athwele umsila we-tail shaft, injini enkulu ehlanganisa izinduku kanye nezihlahla ezikhiqiza ugesi zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zama-babbitt alloys, okuyi-ZSnSb11Cu6 kanye ne-ZSnSb8Cu4, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1.

2.3 Ukukhubazeka nokulimala kwezinhlobo zama-babbitt alloys

Izindlela zokulimala eziyinhloko ze-tail shaft intermediate bearing bushing (babbitt alloy) zimi kanje:

(1) Ukonakala kwendawo noma ukuguga

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwe-bushing, ungqimba lwe-babbitt alloy esihlahleni lugugile futhi luyahlukaniswa ngenxa yokudlidliza, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.

(2) Iphulwe ngokuphelele noma inqanyuliwe

Uma uhlelo lokunikezwa kukawoyela luhluleka, ukushiswa kuzokwenzeka, futhi kokubili ama-bearings angaphezulu naphansi azoshiswa futhi aphuke, ikakhulukazi i-bearing engezansi, lapho ungqimba lwe-Babbitt alloy luzoncishiswa. Lolu hlobo lomonakalo omkhulu alukwazi ukulungiswa ngokushisela, futhi ludinga ukulungiswa ngokusakazwa kabusha.

3 Izinto kanye nezici zokushisela ze-Babbitt alloy

I-Babbitt alloy iyinsimbi ethambile, evame ukulungiswa ngokusakazwa kabusha nokushisela. Njengoba ingxubevange ye-Babbitt inephuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi (240°C) kanye noketshezi oluqinile, uketshezi lukathayela olusechibini elincibilikisiwe lulahleka kalula, ngakho-ke kunzima ukujikijela noma ukushisela. Ngokuzijwayeza okuqhubekayo, izindlela ezintsha zokulungisa nezinqubo ezilula kunezomdabu ziye zahlolwa. Okulandelayo kwethula indlela yokulungisa ye-TIG welding lapho umonakalo unzima.

3.1 Izici ze-Material ye-Babbitt alloy

I-tin-based solder iyi-solder ethambile enephuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi. Ingancibilika ekushiseni okuphansi ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi ama-node okufanele ashiselwe angaxhunywa. Kuyindlela yokuhlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo kwe-thermal kanye ne-electrical conductivity, noma esetshenziselwa ukuvala iziqukathi ze-liquid negesi, futhi amalunga e-solder awekho ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu.

I-solder ethambile kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo:

(1) Yiba ne-thermal kanye ne-electrical conductivity ethile;

(2) Gcina amandla adingekayo phakathi kwezingxenye zokuxhuma ngaphansi kwama-200 ℃;

(3) Iba nesakhiwo esiminyene futhi ivalwe kahle;

(4) Yiba nokumanzisa okuhle phakathi kwe-solder ethambile kanye nezingxenye ezidayisiwe nezinto eziyisisekelo.

I-conductivity eshisayo nekagesi ye-solder ethambile impofu, kuphela i-8% ~ 15% yethusi. Kodwa-ke, akukho ukumelana okusobala (njengokumelana) emgwaqeni (njengomjikelezo), ngoba indlela yokuqhuba ifushane futhi indawo yokuxhumana ekuhlanganyeleni kwe-solder inkulu.

Ikhwalithi ye-solder joint incike esimweni sobuso obuzothengiswa, izakhiwo ze-solder esithambile kanye nokukhetha kwe-flux. Eqinisweni, kuya ngenqubo yokumanzisa i-solder ethambile encibilikisiwe endaweni eqinile yensimbi ezothengiswa. I-tin iyisici esisebenzayo ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-solder ezithambile. Ingakwazi ukumanzisa futhi ihlanganise nesisekelo sensimbi ezothengiswa, njenge-Cu, Fe, Ni, njll., ukwakha ungqimba oluncane kakhulu lwezinhlanganisela zensimbi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-flux ukuhlanza ubuso bensimbi okumele buthengiswe ukuze kugwenywe ukuthinta ukumanzisa. Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-flux yi-ZnCl2, ekhiqiza i-hydrochloric acid yamahhala phambi kwamanzi. Lapho i-soldering yethusi, ungqimba lwe-oxide luncibilika lube yi-chloride futhi lushiye ithusi eliyisisekelo, futhi i-solder encibilikisiwe isakazeka kancane kancane phezu kwethusi.

3.2 Ukwakheka kwe-solder ethambile kanye nezakhiwo

I-solder ethambile ngokuvamile iyingxubevange ye-Sn-Pb enokwakheka kwe-eutectic okungu-26.1%Pb kanye nezinga lokushisa le-eutectic elingu-183 ℃, elingaqinisekisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-solder futhi ligweme ukulimala kwezingxenye ezizwelayo kukushisa.

Uma unamathisela ngesandla, khetha i-Sn-50%Pbd alloy. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha, ukuncibilika kwe-Sn ku-Pb kuncipha, i-Sn iyancipha, futhi i-solder iyathamba; ku-Sn-Pb-Sb i-alloy solder, ukuna kwe-SnSb intermetallic compounds kubonakala ikakhulukazi; Ama-alloys e-Sn-5%Ag kanye ne-Sn-5%Sb awakwazi nje ukugcina amandla e-solder aze afike ku-200 ℃, kodwa futhi abe nokumanzi okufanayo kuma-alloys e-eutectic.

Ukuze i-solder esetshenziswe emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ama-alloys aphezulu e-Pb kufanele akhethwe, njenge-Pb-10% Sn noma i-Pb-5% Sn-1.5% Ag alloys. Ukumanzisa namandla ale alloy kuzothinteka, kodwa i-Sn ngeke ibhekane nezinguquko zesigaba emazingeni okushisa aphansi (afana ne-173K), okuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwe-solder plasticity namandla omthelela.

Kulawa ma-solder, i-0.001% Al izobangela i-oxidation, futhi ifilimu ye-aluminium oxide izothinta ukumanzisa esibonakalayo phakathi kwe-solder ye-liquid kanye ne-flux; i-solder ngokuvamile iqukethe i-0.1% ~ 0.5% Sb, futhi i-solder emelana ne-creep ingafinyelela ku-5% Sb. Inani elincane le-antimony (0.1%~0.5%) lingathuthukisa ukumanzisa kwe-Pb-Sn solder kuya ethusi. Ukwengeza u-0.1%~0.25% we-Bi kungakhuphula isivinini sokusabalala kwe-eutectic Sn-Pb solder. Uma i-Bi idlula u-0.5%, indawo ye-solder izoshintsha umbala.

I-Cadmium izonciphisa ijubane lokumanzisa, futhi ifilimu yayo ye-oxide izoba mnyama indawo ye-solder futhi ibangele ukukhubazeka kokubhoboza; ithusi linomthelela omncane ekumanzini kwe-solder, kodwa uma lidlula i-0.25% Cu, lizothinta ukubukeka kwe-brazing surface ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwama-Cu-Sn compounds; i-phosphorus edlula u-0.01% P izothinta ukumanzisa kwe-solder kunsimbi yethusi ne-low-carbon steel; isibabule (S) sithinta ukubukeka kwendawo ekhanyayo, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-S ku-solder kunqunyelwe ngaphakathi kuka-0.001 5%; I-Zn i-oxidized kalula ukuze ikhiqize ama-oxides, futhi izinga le-solder surface liyawohloka uma lidlula u-0.003% Zn. Ngakho-ke, umphumela ohlangene wokungcola okuhlukahlukene awukwazi ukubukelwa phansi futhi kufanele ukhawulelwe ngokuqinile.

3.3 Ubunzima enqubweni yokulungisa i-babbitt alloy

Ngaphambilini, ukulungiswa kwe-welding kwakulungiswa ngokuyinhloko yi-wind brazing noma i-iron chromium kagesi enamandla amakhulu. Lezi zindlela zokulungisa zinamaphutha alandelayo:

(1) Ukukhiqizwa kwentambo yokushisela

Kudingekile ukwenza induku yokushisela eyenziwe ekhaya futhi usebenzise ilangabi le-oxygen-acetylene ukushisa ngokuqondile i-block ye-babbitt alloy. Amaphutha ayo yilezi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho kushisa futhi kuncibilika, uketshezi lwe-welding wire olugeleza luzoqina ngokushesha, lube izintambo zokushisela ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ezinobubanzi obukhulu futhi obungalingani; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokuthi i-babbitt alloy ishisa ngokuqondile ilangabi le-oxygen-acetylene, ukungcola okuqukethwe kuyo akukwazi ukususwa futhi kuzophinde kuqiniswe ocingweni lwe-welding, okwenza ucingo lwe-welding oluholela lube lubi kakhulu. Kunzima ukuncibilikisa izinto zokugcwalisa ekufakeni umoya kwendabuko noma ukulungiswa kwensimbi kagesi ye-chromium ephezulu;

(2) Umphumela wokulungisa

Indlela yendabuko yokushisela igesi yokushisela nokulungisa amabheyiri ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokulungisa ukushisela: ① Sebenzisa isibani somoya ukuze uqondise ngokuqondile ekuthwaleni. Nakuba amandla okuncibilika ehlangabezana nezidingo zokulungisa i-welding, izolimaza ingxenye eqinile eseduze nomzimba womzali noma ingxenye yokulungisa, futhi ingxenye eshiselwe kanye nengxenye engaphelele ayikwazi ukuncibilika ndawonye; ② Sebenzisa isibani somoya ukushisa isando esenziwe ngethusi elimsulwa ngaphandle kokusishisisa, futhi usebenzise isando ukuze ubambe ukushisa kokushisela. Lokhu kuzokhipha ukushisa ngokushesha, okuholela ekupholiseni nasekuhlulekeni ukuncibilika ukuze kuzuzwe ukushisela. Kunzima futhi ukuncibilikisa ingxenye eshiselwe kanye nengxenye eqinile, futhi kuvame ukuba ne-undercut ekuhlanganyeleni; ③ Sebenzisa insimbi enamandla amakhulu kagesi ye-chromium ukushisela, enezinga lokushisa elingu-500 A. Uma uthatha insimbi ye-electrochromium njengesibonelo, ukushiselwa kwezimbotshana namabheringi anendawo encane enezindonga ezincane kuyamukeleka, kodwa kuma-bearings anezindonga eziwugqinsi, izinga lokushisa alanele, amandla okuncibilika awakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokulungisa i-welding, futhi amalunga avame ukuba nama-undercuts.

4 Indlela yokulungisa usebenzisa i-TIG

Ngomonakalo wendawo encane kanye nokukhubazeka kwe-Babbitt alloy bearings, izindlela ezijwayelekile zokulungisa i-welding zihlanganisa i-oxyacetylene brazing kanye ne-soldering iron welding. I-Oxyacetylene brazing kanye ne-soldering iron welding ijwayele ukungena ngaphansi, ukungena okungaphelele kanye nama-pores. Ikakhulukazi, inqubo yokusebenza kwe-oxyacetylene brazing iyinkimbinkimbi futhi kulula ukulimaza i-matrix.

Okulandelayo kwethula indlela ehluke ngokuphelele yokulungisa i-welding ye-Babbitt alloy bearings. Akuyona nje elula ukusebenza, kodwa futhi ayidingi i-flux, yenza lula inqubo yokulungisa futhi inekhwalithi ephezulu yokushisela. Izinga elifanelekile ngemuva kokulungiswa lingafinyelela ku-100%, linqobe iziphambeko ze-undercuts, ukungena okungaphelele kanye nama-pores okulula ukukhiqiza nge-oxyacetylene brazing kanye ne-soldering iron welding, futhi ukuphila kokuthwala ngemva kokulungiswa kunwetshiwe; ingasetshenziswa ekulimaleni okukhulu kumabheringi we-Babbitt alloy, ukonga izindleko kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kokulungisa ama-babbitt alloy bearings eminyakeni edlule, indlela yokulungisa i-TIG yokulungisa i-welding igqama phakathi kwezindlela eziningi. Izinyathelo ezithile zenqubo ye-TIG welding babbitt alloy yethulwa kanje.

4.1 Ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokushisela

(1) Ukulungiswa kocingo lokushisela

Impahla ye-bearing i-babbitt alloy, imodeli ye-ZSnSb11Cu6 ne-ZSnSb8Cu4, okuyinsimbi ethambile enephuzu eliphansi lokuncibilika.

Khetha izinto ezihambisanayo ze-babbitt alloy zokuncibilika (i-crucible encane) ukwenza i-welding wire yasekhaya. Intambo yokushisela encibilikisiwe ku-crucible encane ihlanzekile, engasusa ukungcola ngaphakathi futhi isuse izinto ezintantayo ezimiswe phezulu; tshekisa ∠ 30×30×2 insimbi yensimbi engagqwali ukuze i-engeli ephakathi kwe-engeli yensimbi engagqwali nendiza evundlile ibe ngu-20°~40°, bese usebenzisa isipuni sensimbi ukuthela uketshezi oluncibilikisiwe lwe-babbitt alloy endaweni engagqwali. i-steel angle steel groove, zungezisa i-engeli yensimbi engagqwali, bese uqoqa intambo yokushisela ewa ensimbini yensimbi engagqwali.

(2) Ukwelashwa kwendawo yokuthwala

Ama-bearings asekuwoyela wokugcoba isikhathi eside anama-molecule kawoyela angena emzimbeni. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwe-welding, lawa mafutha avuzayo azovimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsimbi, ngakho kufanele ahlanzwe ngokucophelela.

Okokuqala, thola indawo yokukhanda i-welding futhi uhlanze ama-bearings nge-ultrasonically. Uma izimo zingahlangatshezwana nazo, sebenzisa ama-agent okuhlanza insimbi ukuze uhlanze ifilimu ye-oxide namabala kawoyela ebusweni. Bese ugcine ama-bearings ehlanzekile futhi ngokushesha wenze ukulungiswa kwe-welding.

4.2 Inqubo yokulungisa ukushisela

(1) Sebenzisa i-TIG DC welding: sebenzisa ukuvikelwa kwe-argon, izinga lokugeleza kwe-argon liyi-8 kuya ku-10 L / min, ububanzi be-electrode ngu-3.2 mm; i-nozzle encane yokuvikela i-ceramic; sebenzisa imaski ye-photochromic ye-headband, futhi ube mnene lapho ubambe ucingo lokushisela;

(2) Sebenzisa i-welding flat kanye nendlela yokushisela kwesokunxele: ungasheshi ukugcwalisa ungqimba olungezansi lwe-weld, qala uqale i-arc endaweni yokushisela, ngoba ama-bearings amadala afake amafutha amaningi okugcoba ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, futhi ayikwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele ngemva kokuhlanza. Uma ushisela, qala ngokuphindaphindiwe i-arc emuva naphambili endaweni yokushisela, usebenzisa i-TIG Sebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-arc ukuphoqelela ama-molecule kawoyela ngaphakathi; bese usebenzisa i-rag ehlanzekile ecwiliswe ku-acetone encane ukuze usule ama-molecule kawoyela antanta phezulu; ekugcineni sebenzisa ibhulashi locingo ukuxubha ama-oxide antantayo phezulu, bese wenza i-welding yokulungisa i-wire filling;

(3) Indawo yokuncibilika ye-Babbitt alloy iphansi kakhulu. Uma uqala i-arc, i-electrode kufanele ihambisane kahle nendawo yokuthungatha, futhi indlela yokucindezela i-arc kufanele isetshenziselwe ukuvimbela i-alloy ye-Babbitt endaweni engeyona i-welding ekuncibilikeni; i-welding wire kufanele yenziwe ibe mncane ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kube lula ukusebenza kokucindezela kwe-arc ngesikhathi sokushisela;

(4) Lapho ushisela, sebenzisa imaskhi eshintsha umbala ukuze uphakele kahle ucingo futhi ulungise umshini wokushisela ukuze ubambezele ukuvala igesi; lapho i-arc ye-welding ngayinye ivaliwe, ungasusi ngokushesha i-nozzle endaweni ye-welding ukuze igesi ebambezelekile ikwazi ukuvikela ngokuphumelelayo indawo ukugwema ukubangela ama-pores; qaphela ngokukhethekile ukuthi akufanele kube khona umoya ngesikhathi sokushisela, futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela umoya uma kunesidingo;

(5) Ingaphezulu longqimba lokugcina lwe-weld kufanele libe phezulu kancane kunobuso bangempela bendawo yokushisela, futhi inake ukuthi ingakhiqizi izindlela ezingaphansi kanye namaphutha angahlanganisiwe lapho kuhlangana khona indawo yokuqala, futhi ekugcineni ithole ukuthwala okubushelelezi ngokusebenzisa machining. Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa indawo ethwalayo ngemuva kokulungiswa kokushisela kwe-TIG.

5 Umphumela wokulungisa

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela wokulungisa wokuthwala kuleli phepha, umbhali ukhethe ukuthwala okufanayo, futhi walilimaza ngokuzenzela ngendawo yokuklwebheka engu-3 c㎡ nokujula okungu-2 mm, ukulimala okungu-5 mm, isici. ka-12 mm, ukulahlekelwa ngu-30 mm, nokulahlekelwa ngu-35 mm, wabe eseyilungisa. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa isohlwini lweThebula2.

Kungabonakala kuThebula lesi-2 ukuthi indlela yendabuko yokukhanda amabele ikhawulelwe ekulungiseni okuncane; kuyilapho indlela yokuthwala yokuthwala kuleli phepha ingasetshenziswa ekulungiseni ama-alloys e-babbitt awonakele kakhulu, futhi ukujiya kokulungisa kungafinyelela ku-35 mm, futhi umphumela wokulungisa ungcono kakhulu wokuthwala umonakalo ongadluli ku-30 ​​mm ubukhulu.

Ingxubevange ye-Babbitt isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zamabheringi emikhunjini, futhi ikhwalithi yayo ihlobene nokusebenza okuvamile kwenjini eyinhloko yomkhumbi, i-generator kanye ne-tail shaft. Lapho kulungiswa imikhumbi, ukukhishwa kanye ne-TIG welding ye-babbitt alloys kuzokhiqiza imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezehlukene zokushisela zokulungisa i-babbitt alloy, i-TIG welding okwamanje iyindlela elula nefaneleka kakhulu yokushisela.