Indlela ye-cross orthogonal stacking yasetshenziswa ukwenza izendlalelo eziningi kanye nokudlula okuningi i-laser wire cladding kupuleti lensimbi eliwugqinsi elingu-20 mm elingu-Q345B, kanye ne-macroscopic morphology, i-microstructure, ukwakheka kwesigaba, ubulukhuni obuncane kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kongqimba oluhlanganisiwe kwacwaningwa. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ungqimba lwe-cladding olutholwe yi-multi-layer kanye nenqubo yokugcwalisa intambo ye-laser eminingi inokwakheka okuhle kwe-macroscopic futhi azikho iziphambeko ezisobala njengezimbotshana nokuqhekeka; isendlalelo sokuvala sakhiwe ikakhulukazi indawo yokugqoka, indawo egqagqene, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba indawo ethintekile, indawo yokuhlanganisa nendawo ethintekile ekushiseni; ukwakheka kwempahla yomzali ngokuyinhloko kuyi-ferrite ne-pearlite, futhi ungqimba lwe-microstructure ngokuyinhloko luyi-ferrite, i-widmanstatten ne-martensite; ngenxa yethonya le-microstructure kanye nosayizi wokusanhlamvu, ukuqina kongqimba lwe-cladding buyanyathelwa, futhi ubulukhuni obujwayelekile be-cladding layer yi-320.13 HV, ephakeme kunaleyo yezinto zomzali; kusixazululo se-NaCl esingu-3.5%, ijika le-polarization lesendlalelo sokugquma libonisa indawo yokudlula, futhi ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kungcono kunokwezinto zomzali. Inqubo yokuvala intambo ye-laser enezingqimba eziningi kanye ne-multi-pass multi-pass ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokulungiselela izingqimba zokuvala kubunjiniyela bangempela.
Amagama angukhiye: Q345B low carbon steel; i-laser wire cladding; ukunqwabelana kwe-orthogonal; microstructure kanye nezakhiwo

Ngokuthuthuka komnotho nomphakathi, isidingo sezwe lami sokuthola izinsiza zasolwandle negesi siyaqhubeka sikhula. Ukugxila ekuhloleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemithombo yasolwandle kuyisidingo esingokoqobo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezophethiloli yezwe lami [1-2]. Ngenxa yemvelo yesevisi eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo zobunjiniyela basolwandle, zisengozini yokulimala kunezakhiwo zendabuko. Ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa kwansuku zonke kwemishini yobunjiniyela basolwandle sekuyindaba esemqoka edinga ukuxazululwa ngokushesha [3]. Insimbi ye-Q345B iyinsimbi enengxubevange ephansi enamandla amakhulu enezici ezinhle ezihlanganisayo kanye nokushisela okuhle kakhulu. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela basolwandle kanye nokwakhiwa kwamabhuloho [4].

Njengobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuvikela nokulungisa, i-laser cladding ihlinzeka ngenqubo ephumelelayo yokwakha umumo oseduze nenetha wokulungisa ukunemba okuphezulu kwezingxenye eziyinhloko kanye nokulungiswa kwezingubo ezinempahla ethuthukisiwe [5]. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa i-multi-layer kanye ne-multi-pass cladding, izindawo ezithintekayo ukushisa zama-welds aseduze ziyadlulana, zakha izindawo eziye zabhekana nemijikelezo yokushisa emibili noma ngaphezulu. I-microstructure yalezi zindawo iyinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi [6], futhi isigaba sokwakheka kwe-microstructure, izinga lokuvuselela kabusha, isikali se-precipitate kanye ne-inclusion morphology ishintsha ngokuqhubekayo kuyo yonke inqubo [7]. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nenqubo yokuhlanganisa i-multi-layer kanye ne-multi-pass cladding, kuvame ukuba namaphuzu abuthakathaka endaweni yokuhlanganisa, ajwayele ukwehluleka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, ukugqwala kwe-electrolytic kanye ne-stress corrosion kuvame ukubonwa eduze kwamalunga ashiselwe emikhumbi yokucindezela ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa [8].

Wu et al. [9] esetshenzisiwe ubuchwepheshe be-laser cladding ukulungisa ungqimba lwe-cladding lwe-Mo2NiB2 oluqhubekayo nominyene ku-substrate yensimbi. I-coating inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqokwa okuhle nokumelana nokugqwala, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-substrate, futhi iqinisekisa isevisi ephephile futhi ezinzile yemishini yobunjiniyela basolwandle. Li et al. [10] usebenzise i-laser wire cladding ukulungisa izingxenye ezigqwalile ze-316L yensimbi engagqwali futhi wathola isendlalelo se-multi-pass cladding engu-308L yensimbi engagqwali. I-coating ikakhulukazi yakhiwe i-austenite kanye nenani elincane le-ferrite, elinamandla okuqina kanye nokwelulwa kwe-548MPa no-40%, ngokulandelana, okungama-86% nama-74% we-substrate.

Kuleli phepha, ubuchwepheshe be-laser wire cladding isetshenziselwa ukulungisa ungqimba lwe-laser ye-Q345B nge-cross orthogonal stacking. I-macroscopic morphology, i-microstructure, ukwakheka kwesigaba, ubulukhuni obuncane kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kongqimba lwe-multi-layer multi-pass cladding kuyafundwa, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sokulungiswa kwendawo kwezakhiwo zobunjiniyela basolwandle.

1 Ukuhlolwa kokuvala intambo ye-laser

1.1 Izinto zokuhlola

I-substrate engaphansi esivivinywayo iyinsimbi ye-carbon engu-Q345B, futhi okokuhlanganisa izintambo kuyi-AFEW6-86 i-alloy steel wire enobubanzi obungu-1.2 mm. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kokubili kuboniswa kuThebula 1.

1.2 Inqubo yokuvala intambo ye-laser enezingqimba eziningi kanye namaphasi amaningi
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zangempela zobunjiniyela, i-workpiece izothintwa amandla ezindaweni ezahlukene ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ngakho-ke umthelela we-anisotropy udinga ukucatshangelwa. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela we-anisotropy, indlela ye-cladding layer ihlelwe, isiqondiso esengeziwe sama-welds kungqimba efanayo siyahambisana, izinkomba ze-welds ezingqimbeni eziseduze zokupakisha zibhekene nomunye nomunye, futhi izendlalelo zihlukile. i-orthogonal. Indlela yayo yokunqwabelanisa ye-cross-orthogonal ikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 1.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-cladding, igesi evikelayo iyigesi ye-argon emsulwa enobumsulwa begesi obungama-99.99%. Okokuqala, uhlolo lwe-orthogonal lwenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuvala iphasi eyodwa yongqimba olulodwa ukuze kuhlolwe imingcele yenqubo efanele yokuvala i-single-pass cladding; ke, indlela yokunqwabelanisa ye-single-pass stacking enezingqimba eziningi yasetshenziswa ukutadisha ithonya lokuphakama kokuphakama phakathi kwezendlalelo zekhwalithi yokwenza i-weld, futhi i-weld ye-multi-layer ye-single-pass weld ene-cladding layer eqondile kanye nomphumela omuhle wokwakha watholakala. Ngokwesisekelo salokhu okungenhla, umthelela wamazinga okugqagqana ahlukene kwikhwalithi yokubunjwa kwesendlalelo sokuvala kwacwaningwa, futhi kwatholakala ukuthi lapho izinga lokugqagqana lalingu-40%, ukuphakama phakathi kokudlula ngakunye kongqimba lokunamathisela kwakufana ngokufanayo, ukwakheka kwendawo bekuyisicaba, futhi ukuhlangana kwensimbi phakathi kokudlula ngakunye kwakunamandla kakhulu. Ukuphakama okuphakanyiswayo phakathi kwezendlalelo zokuhlola kungu-0.8 mm kungqimba ngalunye kwezimbili zokuqala kanye no-0.7 mm kwesendlalelo ngasinye kwezilandelayo. Amapharamitha athile okuhlola akhonjiswe kuThebula 2.

1.3 Ukuhlaziya kanye nendlela yokuhlola ye-cladding layer
Ukusika ngocingo kwakusetshenziselwa ukusika amasampula e-metallographic kusuka kungqimba olulungisiwe lwe-multi-layer kanye ne-multi-pass cladding. Indawo yesampula yagaywa ngemva kokushumekwa ne-epoxy resin ekamelweni lokushisa. Kwasetshenziswa i-sandpaper enobuhwaba obuhlukene ukupholisha kuze kube yilapho kungasali imihuzuko. Khona-ke, isampula yapholishwa ngomshini wokupholisha ukuze kutholwe ingxenye yesiphambano yesampula ye-metallographic enomphumela wesibuko. Isampula yagqwala ngesixazululo sotshwala esingu-4% se-nitric acid ukuze kukhishwe isixhumi esibonakalayo sesendlalelo sokuvala, sihlanjululwe ngotshwala futhi siphephethwe somile, futhi ukwakheka okuncane kwesampula kwabonwa ngesibonakhulu se-metallographic; ukwakheka kwesigaba nokuvela kwesendlalelo sokuvala kwaskeniwa futhi kwahlaziywa ebangeni lika-30°~100° kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-X-ray diffraction; ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zamakhemikhali zongqimba lwe-cladding kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-spectrometer yamandla; ubulukhuni obuncane bezindawo ezihlukene zesigaba sesiphambano se-cladding layer buhlolwe kusetshenziswa i-HVS-1000Z Vickers tester hardness; amajika e-polarization kanye ne-impedance spectra yesendlalelo sokuvala kanye nezinto zomzali zihlolwe kusixazululo se-NaCl esingu-3.5% kusetshenziswa indawo yokusebenzela ye-electrochemical ye-VersaSTAT 3F ene-calomel electrode egcwele njengereferensi ye-electrode kanye ne-electrode yeplatinamu njenge-electrode eyisiza, kanye nokungagqwala kwazo. yaqhathaniswa yahlaziywa.

2 Imiphumela yokuhlola nokuhlaziya
2.1 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Macromorphology yesendlalelo sokuvala
Isendlalelo se-laser esigcwaliswe ngocingo salungiswa ngokuhlolwa kwe-cross-orthogonal stacking engu-29 (ubude) × 15 (ububanzi) × izingqimba eziyi-12 (ubude). Isendlalelo sokuvala sinomphumela omuhle wokwakheka, indawo ebushelelezi, abukho ubuthakathaka obukhulu njengokuqhekeka nokungahlanganiswa, nokuphakama okuqondile okusobala. I-macroscopic morphology yesendlalelo sokuvala ikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 2. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-laser multi-pass multi-pass wire cladding, inqubo yokuhlanganisa yongqimba lwakamuva izokhiqiza ukusabela okuncibilika kungqimba lwangaphambilini lokuvala, okuholela ekugelezeni okuya phansi umkhawulo wesendlalelo sokuvala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa, ngenxa yokubambezeleka okuthile emiyalweni yokuqala nokuphela kokukhishwa kokukhanya kwe-laser, ukuphakama komphetho wesendlalelo sokuvala kuzoba ngaphansi kancane kunengxenye ephakathi.

Umfanekiso 3 ubonisa i-cross-sectional morphology yesendlalelo se-laser cladding enezingqimba eziningi. Awekho amaphutha anjengama-pores, imifantu kanye ne-inclusions etholakele. Kwakhiwa isibopho se-metallurgical esiminyene phakathi kwensimbi yokuvala kanye nesisekelo. Kwakukhona ukuphakama okusobala okuqondile, futhi ugqinsi lwesendlalelo sokuvala lwalungu-11.5 mm.

2.2 Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo esincane sesendlalelo sokuvala
Ukupholisa kwechibi lokushisela kuyinqubo yokushintsha kwesigaba, futhi i-microstructure yoshintsho lwesigaba incike ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali nezimo zokupholisa zensimbi yokushisela [11]. I-microstructure yendawo ngayinye yongqimba oluhlanganisiwe yabonwa kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-metallographic, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 4. Isendlalelo sokuhlanganisa sihlanganisa indawo yokuhlanganisa (indawo evalekile, CZ), indawo yokumbondela (indawo ene-ovelapped, OZ), isigaba. indawo ethintekile yoguquko (isigaba soguquko esithintekile, i-PAZ), indawo yokuhlanganisa (indawo ehlanganisiwe, i-FZ), indawo ethintekile ukushisa (indawo ethinteke ukushisa, i-HAZ) kanye isisekelo sensimbi (isisekelo sensimbi, BM) [12]. Isisekelo se-metal microstructure sakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-ferrite kanye nenani elincane le-pearlite. Isici esiyinhloko uMn engezwe ku-Q345B yensimbi ayigcini nje ngokuba nomthelela obalulekile wokuqinisa ku-ferrite, kodwa futhi yehlisa izinga lokushisa lokuguquka kokuqina-brittleness, ikhuphule inani le-pearlite, futhi ithuthukise amandla e-pearlite.

Umfanekiso wesi-4 (a) ubonisa i-microstructure yendawo yokuhlanganisa ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo sokuhlanganisa, esakhiwe nge-lath kanye ne-ferrite emise njengenaliti, i-widmanstatten kanye nenani elincane le-lath martensite. Ngenxa yezendlalelo ezihlukene, ungqimba ngalunye lwe-cladding luzoveza umphumela wokushisa kungqimba lwangaphambilini, okuholela ekuhlungeni okusanhlamvu okufanayo kanye nemingcele ecacile yokusanhlamvu; Izibalo 4 (b) kanye no-(b-1) zibonisa isakhiwo esincane sendawo yokuhlanganisa, esakhiwe i-ferrite ne-widmanstatten enokusabalalisa okusanhlamvu okungalingani; Umfanekiso wesi-4 (d) ukhombisa i-microstructure yendawo egqagqene yamashisela amabili ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo sokuvala. Indawo ekhanyayo emfanekisweni iwumugqa wokuhlanganisa phakathi kwama-welds amabili. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholisa, ichibi elincibilikisiwe lizokwenza i-columnar ferrite eduze nendawo yokukhipha ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, le ndawo ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe nge-columnar ferrite kanye nenani elincane le-pearlite, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4 (d-1). Ngenxa yesenzo esiphindwe kabili sokushisa, indawo egqagqene inokulungiswa okusanhlamvu okufanayo; Umfanekiso 4 (d-2) uyindawo ethintekile yokuguqulwa kwesigaba, esakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-ferrite ne-Widmanstatten. Ngenxa yethonya lokushisa kokuguqulwa kwesigaba, usayizi wokusanhlamvu wale ndawo mkhulu kancane kunalowo wendawo egqagqene; Umfanekiso 4 (e-1) uyisakhiwo esincane sendawo ethintekile ekushiseni. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela, indawo yokugqoka ephansi idlula ukushisa, okwenza isakhiwo sale ndawo sicwengisiswe kanye nomfaniswano wokusabalalisa okusanhlamvu. Ikakhulukazi yakhiwe nge-ferrite enezinhlamvu ezincane kanye nenani elincane le-pearlite. I-fine-grained ferrite ingumkhiqizo wokuguqula phakathi kwe-ferrite ne-bainite. Kuyi-microstructure enenzuzo kunqubo ye-welding metallurgical [11].

Umfanekiso wesi-5 uyisakhiwo esincane sesendlalelo sokugcina. Lesi sendlalelo asinakho ukushisisa nge-laser yesibili. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izendlalelo, ingakwazi ukugcina i-morphology yesakhiwo sokuqala. Ubukhulu bayo bokusanhlamvu bufana futhi isakhiwo siminyene. Yakhiwa ikakhulukazi i-ferrite, i-Widmanstatten ne-lath martensite.

2.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-XRD ne-EDS kwesendlalelo sokuvala
Ukuze kuhlaziywe ukwakheka kwesigaba songqimba lwe-laser cladding, isampula enobukhulu obungu-10 mm×10 mm×8 mm yasikwa ngocingo, futhi ukuhlaziywa kokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray kwe-diffraction kwenziwa ngemva kokugaya nokupholishwa. Umfanekiso 6 ubonisa i-XRD spectrum ye-multi-layer multi-pass cladding layer kanye nokokusebenza komzali. Ukuhlanganisa i-microstructure kanye nemiphumela ye-spectrum ye-XRD, kungabonakala ukuthi isendlalelo se-cladding ikakhulukazi sakhiwe inani elikhulu le-ferrite, ingxenye ye-martensite ne-widmanstattenite, futhi azikho ezinye izigaba eziyingozi ezivelayo. Njengoba i-columnar ferrite izokwakhiwa enqubweni yokupholisa ye-laser cladding pool encibilikisiwe, ungqimba lokugqoka luqukethe inani elikhulu le-ferrite. Lapho okokufaka kokushisa kwe-laser kukhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela, i-microstructure yesendlalelo se-cladding izoba ngamaholo ngezinga elithile, futhi usayizi wokusanhlamvu uzokwanda. Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sakhiwo sizovela sishise kakhulu i-widmanstattenite ne-lath martensite, futhi lezi zakhiwo ezimbili ziyanyakaza.

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwahlaziywa ngokuskena amaphuzu ezindaweni ezihlukene zesigaba esiphambanayo sesampula. Izikhundla zokuskena amaphuzu ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 7, futhi imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-EDS yezindawo ezahlukene ikhonjiswe kuThebula 3. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ze-Cr ne-Ni ku-wire welding, okuqukethwe kwe-Cr ne-Ni kwesendlalelo sokuvala kubaluleke kakhulu. ephakeme kunaleyo yezinto zomzali, okwenza ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo sokugquma kube ngcono kunokokusebenza komzali.

2.4 Ukuhlaziywa kokuqina okuncane kwesendlalelo sokuvala
Ubulukhuni obuncane besampula bulinganisiwe. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, umthwalo wawungu-1000 g, isikhathi sokubamba sasiyi-10 s, indlela yokulinganisa yayigudla isiqondiso ukusuka kumzali kuya endaweni yokuhlanganisa, futhi isikhawu phakathi kwamasampula amabili asondelene sasingu-1 mm. Ukusatshalaliswa kokuqina okuncane kusuka kokubalulekile komzali kuya endaweni yokuhlanganisa kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 8. Isilinganiso sokuqina okuncane kokubalulekile komzali ngu-172.02 HV, futhi ubulukhuni obuncane obumaphakathi besendlalelo sokuvala ngu-320.13 HV. I-microstructure yongqimba lokugcina lwe-cladding iqukethe inani elikhulu le-ferrite, i-widmanstattenite nenani elincane le-lath martensite ne-pearlite. Inani lobulukhuni bale ndawo ye-microstructure liphezulu kakhulu, elingu-325.92HV. Ubulukhuni obujwayelekile besendlalelo sokuvala bukhulu kakhulu kunobo bento yomzali, buhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla okulungisa. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8, ubulukhuni bendawo yokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile lusatshalaliswa ngendlela efana nesinyathelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ohlelweni lokugcwaliswa kwezintambo ze-laser ezinezingqimba eziningi kanye ne-multi-pass, ungqimba ngalunye lwe-cladding luzoba nomphumela wokushisa wangemuva kongqimba lwangaphambilini ngesikhathi senqubo yokubunjwa, kanye nomphumela wokushisa kuqala kungqimba olulandelayo. Isendlalelo sokugcina se-cladding sinomphumela wokushisa ngaphambi kokushisa ngemuva kokushisa, okukhuthaza ukuhlungwa okulinganayo okusanhlamvu futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ubulukhuni.

2.5 Ukuhlaziywa kokumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo sokuvala
Ukugqwala okuningi kwensimbi kwenziwa ngendlela ye-electrochemical corrosion, futhi inqubo yokugqwala ihambisana nesizukulwane samanje, njengebhethri eyinhloko [13-14]. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kokugqwala kwe-electrochemical kwesendlalelo se-multi-layer kanye ne-multi-pass cladding, isifanekiso sibekwe kusixazululo se-NaCl esingu-3.5% ukuze sihlole ijika le-Tafel polarization kanye ne-impedance spectrum.

I-polarization curves of the cladding layer kanye ne-base material iboniswa kuMfanekiso 9. Kungabonakala ukuthi ijika le-polarization le-cladding layer linendawo ye-passivation, ebonisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-oxide eminyene yenziwa ebusweni bengqimba yokugqoka ngesikhathi. inqubo ukugqwala. Izakhi ezifana ne-Cr, i-Ni, ne-Si kufilimu ye-oxide zithuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-passivation, zivimbela ukusabalalisa kwama-ion, futhi zithuthukise ukumelana nokugqwala. I-Ecorr engase ikwazi ukuzigqwala kanye ne-self-corrosion yamanje ukuminyana kwe-Icorr yesendlalelo sokugquma nezinto eziyisisekelo kutholwa ngokufakwa kwedatha, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4. I-Ecorr engase ikwazi ukuzigqwala yensimbi esixazululweni se-electrolyte ibonisa ukuzwela kwayo ukugqwala futhi kuyinkomba yokumelana kwempahla ekugqwaleni kwe-electrochemical. Lapho amandla okuzilimaza esemancane, kuba lula ukuthi insimbi ilahlekelwe ama-electron futhi kuba buthaka ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo; lapho amandla okuzikhukhumeza emakhulu, kuba nzima ukuba insimbi ilahlekelwe ama-electron futhi kuqina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo[14]. Njengoba kungabonwa kuThebula lesi-4, amandla okuzilimaza wesendlalelo sokugquma aphakeme kunalawo ezinto eziyisisekelo, okubonisa ukuthi ungqimba oluhlanganisiwe lunokumelana nokugqwala okuqinile. I-self-corrosion current density Icorr ilingana nezinga lokugqwala. Uma ukugqwala kukhudlwana, izinga lokugqwala lezinto liyashesha futhi kuba kubi kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala. Njengoba kungabonakala kudatha kuThebula lesi-4, i-self-corrosion current ye-base material iphakeme kunesendlalelo sokuvala, okubonisa ukuthi ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto eziyisisekelo kubi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuqhathanisa ubukhulu bekhono lokuzikhukhumeza kanye ne-self-corrosion current, kungaphetha ngokuthi ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo se-cladding kungcono kunento eyisisekelo.

Isendlalelo sokuvala kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo zihlolwe nge-impedance spectroscopy (EIS), futhi i-impedance spectrum ye-Nyquist plots yamasampuli amabili aboniswa kuMfanekiso 10. Z' kanye no-Z” izingxenye zangempela nezicatshangelwayo ze-impedance engu-Z, ngokulandelanayo. . Kokubili isendlalelo sokuvala kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo kuveza isici esisodwa se-arc capacitive. Ukuthi i-capacitive arc radius ibe nkulu, kukhulu ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwesampula futhi kuqina ukumelana nokugqwala. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 10, i-capacitive arc radius yesendlalelo sokugquma inkulu kakhulu kunaleyo yesisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ukumelana ne-polarization kwesendlalelo se-cladding kukhulu, okubonisa ukuthi izinga lokugqwala le-cladding layer liphansi futhi ukumelana nokugqwala kunamandla, okuhambisana nemiphumela yejika le-polarization enamandla ashukumisayo.

Kafushane, ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo sokuvala kungcono kunokwesisekelo. Okokuqala, i-cladding material isebenzisa i-AFEW6-86 welding wire, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr ne-Ni kune-base material, ukuze ungqimba olubambekayo lube nokungaguquki okuphezulu kwe-oxidation nokumelana nokugqwala. Endaweni egqwalayo, lapho i-Cr iphendula ngezinto ze-O, kuzokwakhiwa ungqimba lwefilimu ye-oxide engagqwali phezulu, ezohlukanisa ingaphezulu lensimbi endaweni egqwalayo, inciphise inqubo yokuchithwa kwe-anode, futhi yehlise ukuncibilika. izinga lensimbi yokuvala, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo sokuvala. Ukumelana nokugqwala kuyathuthukiswa [15-16]. Isizathu sesibili ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi okusanhlamvu kungqimba yokuhlanganisa kufana kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kokufaka ukushisa.

Isiphetho se-3
(1) Isendlalelo sokuvala esitholwe izendlalelo eziningi namaphasi amaningi laser wire Welding inqubo inokwakheka okuhle kwe-macroscopic, azikho iziphambeko ezisobala njengezimbotshana nezimbotshana, futhi kwakheka isibopho esihle se-metallurgical phakathi kwesendlalelo sokuvala kanye nezinto zomzali. Kukhona inqwaba eqondile eqondile, futhi ugqinsi lwesendlalelo sokuvala buyi-11.5mm.
(2) Isendlalelo sokuvala sakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-ferrite, i-widmanstatten ne-lath martensite. Okuqukethwe kwe-Cr kanye ne-Ni kungqimba yokunamathisela kuphakeme kunalokho okukumsebenzi womzali. Ama-elementi e-Cr kanye ne-Ni athuthukisa ukuzinza kwefilimu ye-passivation, avimbele ukusakazeka kwama-ion, futhi athuthukise ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo sokuvala. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yokwanda kokufakwayo kokushisa, ukusabalalisa usayizi wokusanhlamvu kungqimba yokugqoka kufana kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo se-cladding kungcono kunento yomzali.
(3) Isilinganiso sokuqina kwento engumzali ngu-172.02HV, futhi ubulukhuni obujwayelekile bongqimba oluhlanganisiwe bungu-320.13HV, ukuqina kongqimba oluhlanganisiwe kuphakeme kakhulu kunokwento engumzali. Ngenxa yethonya le-microstructure nosayizi wokusanhlamvu, ubulukhuni bendawo yokuhlanganisa bubonisa inkambiso yokusabalalisa efana nesinyathelo iyonke.