Isikhunta sokupholisa esihlelekile sakhiwe ngu Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D, kanye ne-substrate ye 3D zokunyathelisa yafundwa. Amandla acindezelayo namandla okukhiqiza acindezelayo wezinto eziyinhlanganisela eziphrintiwe ze-3D ezinama-30% (ingxenye enkulu) ye-tungsten carbide (WC) engezwe afinyelele ku-1757MPa naku-1677MPa ngokulandelanayo, okucishe kube ngama-20% aphezulu kunokusebenza kokuminyanisa kwe-matrix yensimbi yokubumba. Ngenxa yezinkinga zesikhathi eside sokupholisa, ukungqubuzana komkhiqizo kanye nokungazinzi kobukhulu ekwakhiweni kwesikhunta, isikhunta sesiteshi samanzi sokupholisa esivumelanayo esisekelwe ekunyatheliseni kwensimbi kwe-3D saklanywa, futhi ukuhlaziywa kokulingisa kwenziwa ngosizo lwesofthiwe ye-Moldflow. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi isisombululo sesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo singathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa futhi sinciphise ukuwohloka komkhiqizo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-Metal 3D bunohlu olubanzi lwenani lesicelo emkhakheni wesikhunta sokupholisa esivumelanayo. Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki yakhiwa ikakhulukazi emishinini yokubumba umjovo isebenzisa isikhunta. Kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza, isikhathi nezindleko zokukhiqiza isikhunta somjovo ziphezulu kakhulu. Namuhla, ukwanda kwesidingo semikhiqizo yeqoqwana encane kuholele ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwemboni yokukhunta kanye nokuncintisana okushubile. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kwezibumbe zomjovo, kuyadingeka futhi ukunciphisa izindleko zayo zokukhiqiza futhi unciphise umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo ukuze ubambe imakethe ngokushesha.

Enqubweni yokubumba ingxenye yepulasitiki, isigaba sokupholisa sithatha u-2/3 wawo wonke umjikelezo wokubumba. Isikhathi sokupholisa esinganele singabangela ukukhubazeka okufana nezimpawu zokushwabana nokuwa kwezingxenye zepulasitiki. Isikhathi sokupholisa eside kakhulu sizophinde sithinte ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko zezingxenye zepulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuchithwa kokushisa kwesikhunta kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokupholisa kube yizikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo eziyinhloko zemboni yesikhunta. Phakathi kwazo, ukuklanywa kweziteshi zamanzi ezimise okukhethekile kungenye yezixazululo eziphumelelayo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha ukushisa kwesikhunta nokunciphisa isikhathi sokupholisa. Umzila wamanzi wokupholisa wesikhunta wendabuko unqunyelwe ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula futhi ungafinyelelwa kuphela ngokubhoboza izimbobo esikhunjeni. Kodwa-ke, isikhunta sivame ukuba nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengama-push rods, amakholomu omhlahlandlela ogobile kanye nezilayidi. Lapho uklama umzila wamanzi, kuyadingeka ukugwema izindlela ezithile ezikhona zesikhunta. Ngakho-ke, kuye kwaba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu ukwenza umgudu wamanzi wokupholisa ophumelelayo ekubunjeni ukupholisa izingxenye zepulasitiki ngokushesha nangokulinganayo.

Uma sithatha isikhunta somjovo njengesibonelo, isikhunta esikhona somjovo sinezinkinga ezilandelayo eziyinhloko ngenxa yezici zokupholisa: (1) Ubuchwepheshe obukhona bokucubungula isikhunta bukhawulela ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula imigudu yamanzi, okuholela ekungakwazini ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zokupholisa zezingxenye zepulasitiki, okuholela ekubeni ezinkingeni ezifana nekhwalithi ephansi yezingxenye zepulasitiki noma ukungakwazi ukubumba ngokuqondile; (2) Ubuchwepheshe obukhona bokucubungula isikhunta bukhawulela ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa komzila wamanzi, kwandisa isikhathi sokupholisa, buphinde buthinte isikhathi sokukhishwa komkhiqizo obunjwe ngomjovo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kanye nokubambezela ukukhuthazwa kwemakethe yomkhiqizo; (3) Inkinga yokupholisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba umjovo womkhiqizo ngokuvamile ikhawulela ukwakheka nokusebenza komkhiqizo. Inqubo yokufafaza ngesikhathi somjovo wengcindezi ephezulu inezinjongo ezimbili eziyinhloko: enye iwukugcoba ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubhidliza; enye iwukusebenza njengesifutho ukuze kuphole. Umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni uwukunciphisa noma ukuqeda isinyathelo sokufafaza. Ukusetshenziswa komklamo wokupholisa ohambisanayo kunganciphisa isidingo sokufafaza, kunwebise impilo yesikhunta futhi kuqinisekise ikhwalithi yezingxenye ezibunjiwe zomjovo1.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-Metal laser 3D busekelwe kumgomo wokukhiqiza okugqinsiwe kanye nokubunjwa kwe-superposition layer-by-layer. Ngokuya ngemodeli yesakhiwo enezinhlangothi ezintathu zezingxenye ezidingekayo, ifayela lemodeli yocezu liyaklanywa. Impahla yensimbi eyimpushana incibilika ngokuvumelana ne-trajectory yokuskena esunguliwe ngemishini yokunyathelisa ye-laser 3D, iqiniswe futhi yakheke, futhi isendlalelo esibekwe phezulu ngongqimba, esingakha izingxenye nganoma yisiphi isimo sejometri esiyinkimbinkimbi7. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokucubungula zendabuko, i-laser selective melting (SLM) ingakhiqiza ama-mold cores kanye nemigodi eneziteshi zamanzi eziqondile eziyinkimbinkimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi, okunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokupholisa isikhunta futhi kufinyeze umjikelezo wokukhiqiza wesikhunta.

Ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta bensimbi be-3D, leli phepha lifunda ukusebenza kwe-substrate yokuphrinta, lakha uhlelo olunembile lokupholisa olunembayo lwesikhunta somjovo, lisebenzisa isoftware yokuhlaziya ukugeleza kwesikhunta ukuze kuhlaziywe ukusebenza kwezibungu zokupholisa ezivumelanayo, lenze kahle imingcele yenqubo ebalulekile yezibungu zokupholisa ezivumelanayo. , futhi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D ukuphrinta isikhunta nokwenza izivivinyo zokubumba umjovo.

1 Ucwaningo lwezinto ezibonakalayo

Ngokwezidingo zezingxenye zesikhunta, khetha insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi enekhabhoni ephezulu enokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kanye nobunzima obukhulu. Ukuphrinta okuhlanganisiwe kuyisiqondiso samanje socwaningo lokukhiqiza izithasiselo zensimbi. Ngokungeza isigaba se-tungsten carbide (WC) se-ceramic, amandla nobulukhuni be-matrix, kanye nokumelana nokugqoka nokumelana nokushisa, kungathuthukiswa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzoletha nezinkinga ezifana nokuncipha kwepulasitiki. Ukuhlaziya nokuhlola indlela yokuqinisa yesigaba se-ceramic kanye nesibopho phakathi kwesigaba se-ceramic kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo se-matrix kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ukusebenza okuphelele kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela nokuthuthukisa ukuqina.

Ingxenye enkulu ye-WC ensimbi yokubumba i-30%, futhi imingcele yenqubo yokubumba ye-SLM ikhonjiswe kuThebula 1. Ubuningi besampula obunjiwe obulinganiswa ngendlela yokukhipha amanzi buphezulu njengo-9.11g · cm'-3. Ngemva kokwenza isampula yensimbi eyinhlanganisela engu-30% (ingxenye enkulu) yensimbi ye-WC, ngemva kwesisombululo sezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ku-900 ℃ sehora elingu-1 kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa okugugayo ku-500℃ amahora angu-4, ukuqina kutholwa ukuthi kuphezulu njengokungu-52.4HRC. Ngokuhlola, kungabonakala ukuthi ubulukhuni bayo buhlotshaniswa kahle nokuminyana kwayo. Ukuphakama kokuminyana, kuyancipha inani lama-pores angaphakathi futhi kuphakama ubulukhuni. Ukuqina kwensimbi yokubumba ngaphandle kwezithasiselo ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa okuguga yisisombululo ngu-48HRC. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ubulukhuni obuphelele bensimbi yokubumba nge-WC eyengeziwe buthuthukiswa ngezinga elithile, okubonisa ukuthi inani elincane lezinhlayiya ze-WC lichithwa ku-matrix ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelashwa kwesisombululo.

Njengoba kungabonakala ku-Figure 1, ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlayiya ze-WC ezigcina isikhombimsebenzisi esiyindilinga esiphelele futhi esibushelelezi, ezinye izinhlayiya ze-WC ziyancibilika ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelapha isixazululo, zibe yizimbulunga eziyi-elliptical noma ezinesici, futhi izinhlayiya ezincane ze-WC ziyanyamalala. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-WC zincibilika kancane ku-matrix, futhi isibopho esiqinile se-metallurgical senziwa phakathi kwezinhlayiya ne-substrate, okuthuthukisa kakhulu amandla kanye nobulukhuni bezinto ezibonakalayo, okungase futhi kubonakale ekushintsheni kokuqina kokuqina. impahla eyinhlanganisela.

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokusebenza kokucindezelwa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezinezingxenyana ezihlukene zesisindo (WC) ikhombisa ukuthi njengoba ingxenye enkulu ye-WC ikhula, amandla acindezelayo namandla okukhiqiza acindezelayo wento eyinhlanganisela akhula kancane kancane. Amandla acindezelayo namandla okukhiqiza acindezelayo wento eyinhlanganisela ene-30% WC engeziwe aphakeme njenge-1757MPa kanye ne-1677MPa, ngokulandelana, ephakeme ngo-20% kunokusebenza kokucindezelwa kwe-matrix yensimbi yokubumba, futhi izingxenye ezicindezelwe aziphukanga, kodwa i-compression deformation iyenzeka. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanganisela ze-WC ezisetshenziswa njengama-substrates zinenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwesikhunta.

2 Ukuklama nokuhlaziywa komzila wamanzi ovundlile

Ngokubheka izici zesakhiwo semikhiqizo yokuklama isikhunta sesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo, siqale sasebenzisa isoftware yokuhlaziya i-Moldflow ukuze siqhathanise ukuhlaziywa kokugeleza kwesikhunta samacala amaningana ajwayelekile namashaneli amanzi endabuko, sahlola izindawo ezishisayo, ama-gradients okushisa, ukuwohloka kwe-thermal kanye nezinye izindaba inqubo yokubumba umjovo, yaklama imigudu yamanzi ahambisanayo enamajika ahlukene, amabanga ukusuka emgodini, kanye nokwakheka kwezigaba ezihlukene, futhi iphindaphinda njalo futhi yalungiswa, ngenhloso yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-30%. Sihlaziye futhi safingqa ubudlelwano phakathi komthelela wokupholisa kanye nezici zesakhiwo kanye nobukhulu bomzila wamanzi ohlelekile, sagxila ebangeni elincane phakathi komzila wamanzi nendawo yokukhunta ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokusebenza, kanye nokusebenza kwempilo nokusebenza kokupholisa endaweni. amabanga ahlukene, izidingo zezici ezihlukene zesakhiwo kanye namasistimu wezinto ezibonakalayo zokujova zokugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nokuvumelana phakathi kwemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokulingisa yesofthiwe kanye nemiphumela yangempela.

2.1 Ukwakhiwa komgudu wamanzi ngendlela ehlelekile

Ngocwaningo lwesakhiwo esijwayelekile kanye nezici ezibonakalayo zomkhiqizo, izinga lokushisa lenqubo yokubumba umjovo liyahlaziywa kusetshenziswa isoftware yokuhlaziya izinto ezinomkhawulo, kanye namashaneli amanzi ahambisanayo anomajika ahlukene, ibanga ukusuka kumgodi, kanye nokwakheka kwezigaba ezihlukene kwakhiwa. . Umthelela wokupholisa wesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo uyahlaziywa futhi uthuthukiswe ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi ukuhlaziywa okuhlanganisa ithiyori nokusebenza kwenziwa ngokuhlolwa ukuze kutholwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nesakhiwo sesiteshi samanzi esihlelekile, futhi kunqunywe kuqala izinga lokuklanywa kwesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo. .

Thatha isikhunta sekhava esiphezulu somkhiqizo othile njengesibonelo: ngokomgomo wokuthi ibanga phakathi kwesiteshi samanzi okupholisa nendawo yeglue kumele libe likhulu kuno-2/3 wobubanzi bomzila wamanzi, ukwakheka kwamathambo ajulile kanye nokhalo olusha. -Ishaneli yamanzi abushelelezi enesigaba esiphambanayo aklanywa okokuqala, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.

2.2 Indawo eshisayo yesikhunta kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuguqulwa

Indawo eshisayo ihlaziywa isofthiwe ye-Moldflow, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Indawo yendawo eshisayo yizinsika ezincane eziphumayo eziyi-12, okuyizingxenye ezidinga ukupholiswa. I-gradient yezinga lokushisa ithinta ukuguqulwa kokupholisa komkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa lifana kakhulu, lingcono, futhi umehluko phakathi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu naphansi akufanele weqe ku-20℃.

Njengoba kubonakala kuMdwebo 4, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lesikhunta sesiteshi samanzi esishicilelwe ngu-102 ℃, esiphansi kunazo zonke singu-30 ℃, umehluko wokushisa owedlulele ngu-72 ℃, futhi i-protrusion ipholile ngokunganele. Ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, kulula ukubangela ukupholisa okungalingani kwemikhiqizo ebunjiwe yomjovo, ukuwohloka okukhulu, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo engekho ezingeni; isikhunta sesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo sifana kakhulu kunesikhunta sesiteshi samanzi esishicilele, izinga lokushisa lithambile, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu licishe libe ngu-40 ℃, futhi umphumela wokupholisa ulungile, ovumela ukulawula ukupholisa nokuguqulwa komkhiqizo. kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lomkhiqizo.

Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukuwohloka kwe-thermal umphumela wethrendi, ukupholisa okungalingani kanye nokuncipha kokungalingani. Ngokuhlaziywa kwe-Moldflow, izici ze-deformation ngayinye ziyabola, izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukuguquguquka zitholakala, bese kwenziwa ukuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuguqulwa. Ngoba impahla ayinayo i-fiber yengilazi, akukho deformation eqondisiwe. Njengoba kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 5, isici esiyinhloko sokuguquguquka esithinta lo mkhiqizo ukuwohloka okubangelwa ukuncipha kokungalingani, ngakho ukushuba kodonga lomkhiqizo kungashintshwa ukuze kufane.

Umfanekiso wesi-6 uyisiqhathaniso sokuguquguquka okushisayo kokufakwa kwesikhunta phakathi kweziteshi zamanzi zendabuko kanye nemigudu yamanzi ehlelekile. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamashaneli amanzi avumelanayo kanye namashaneli ajwayelekile asetshenziswa ngomshini kuseduze futhi kokubili kungaphakathi kwebanga elilawulekayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isici esiyinhloko esithinta ukuguquguquka ukuguqulwa kwe-shrinkage okubangelwa ukushuba kodonga olungalingani.

2.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo seshaneli yamanzi esisemthethweni

Iziteshi zamanzi ezihlelekile zingaba seduze nomgodi kuneziteshi zamanzi ezenziwe ngomshini zendabuko, futhi ibanga phakathi komzila wamanzi kanye nomgodi likhulu noma lilingana no-2/3 wobubanzi bomzila wamanzi. Kuya ngesakhiwo sesikhunta. Uma kunezimbobo ze-ejector, izimbobo ze-ejector ezithambekele, faka izimbobo, njll eduze kwayo, kunconywa ukuthi ibanga phakathi komzila wamanzi kanye nomgodi likhulu noma lilingana nobubanzi bomzila wamanzi. Amanani 7 kanye no-8 ngokulandelana kwawo ayisiqhathaniso semiphumela yokupholisa yamashaneli amanzi 2.5mm kanye 5.0mm kude nomgodi. Ngokuqhathanisa, kungabonakala ukuthi umphumela wokupholisa womzila wamanzi u-2.5mm kude nomgodi ungcono kunowomzila wamanzi ongu-5.0mm kude nomgodi. Lapho ibanga liba lifushane, izinga lokushisa lokufaka lifana kakhulu, futhi kuba mfushane umjikelezo wokupholisa. Kungabonakala ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinengqondo, lapho umzila wamanzi usondelene nomgodi, ungcono umphumela wokupholisa, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi komzila wamanzi kanye nomgodi lihlale lifana.

2.4 Ukuhlaziywa komklamo ophambana nezigaba zamashaneli amanzi asemthethweni

Indawo ephambanayo yamashaneli amanzi ahlelekile iyafana naleyo yamashaneli ajwayelekile abholwayo, futhi yomibili kufanele igcinwe ingaguquki ngangokunokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuklama. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuphakamisa izikimu zedizayini ezinqamulayo neziyisiyingi, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9(a) kanye noMfanekiso 10(a). Kusukela ekuqhathaniseni okungenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi umzila wamanzi onesiphambano se-elliptical triangular cross-section inenani elikhulu lokugeleza kwamanzi, umphumela wokupholisa ongcono, umjikelezo omfushane, kanye nokushisa kokufaka okufanayo kunomzila wamanzi onesiphambano esiyindilinga. Ngakho-ke, lapho indawo yokuthutha emanzini ikhudlwana, kuba ngcono umphumela wokupholisa. Umjikelezo wokupholisa uyipharamitha ebalulekile yokubumba isikhunta sokuhlolwa komkhiqizo womjovo, futhi imigudu yamanzi ehlelekile ingawuthuthukisa kahle umjikelezo wokupholisa.

Umzila wamanzi owenziwe ngomshini wendabuko kanye nesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo singeniswa ku-Moldflow, futhi umphumela wokuqhathanisa kokubili uhlaziywa ngokulayisha into efanayo yokubumba umjovo (PETG, ulwazi lwempahla bheka Ithebula 2) kanye nemingcele efanayo yenqubo yokushisa kwamanzi (i-inlet izinga lokushisa lamanzi libekwe ku-20 ℃).

Kusukela kumiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-Moldflow sekulingisa kuFigure 11 no-12, kungabonakala ukuthi umjikelezo wokupholisa wesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo ngama-19s (kuhlanganise nama-5s wokuvulwa kwesikhunta nesikhathi sokuvala), kuyilapho umjikelezo wokupholisa womzila wamanzi owenziwe ngomshini wendabuko ungama-27s. (kufaka phakathi ama-5s wokuvulwa kwesikhunta nesikhathi sokuvala). Umzila wamanzi ohlelekile uphakeme kunomgudu wamanzi ojwayelekile owenziwe ngomshini, futhi umjikelezo wawo ufinyezwa ngama-30%, ukufeza umgomo wokwenza ngokugcwele.

3 Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesikhunta

Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kokugeleza kwesikhunta, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sesikhunta kunqunywa, futhi Imishini yokuphrinta ye-SLM metal 3D (I-HBDG350) ithuthukiswe ngokuzimela ngu I-Hanbang Technology isetshenziselwa ukuphrinta. Inqubo yokunyathelisa kanye nomkhiqizo wangempela ngemva kokunyathelisa kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 13. Ngemva kokunyathelisa, ukusika ucingo, ukwelashwa kokushisa nomshini kwenziwa, bese isikhunta sifakwe ekubunjweni komjovo we-mold isilingo somkhiqizo; isikhunta sesilingo siqinisekisa ikakhulukazi umjikelezo wokupholisa wesikhunta kanye nezinga lokushisa lokufaka, ngoba umjikelezo wokupholisa uzothinta ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, futhi izinga lokushisa lokufaka lizothinta ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Lapho umjikelezo wokupholisa umfishane, kulapho izinga lokukhiqiza liphakeme khona kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho eziphezulu; lapho izinga lokushisa elifakiwe lifana ngokufanayo, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo iba ngcono futhi ikhuphuka nempumelelo yokukhiqiza. Ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kwesikhunta esivivinyweni, imikhiqizo eyakhiwe yisisombululo sokupholisa sesiteshi samanzi se-3D sokuphrinta esivumelanayo inokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okungaphezu kuka-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhunta sesiteshi samanzi esivamile, futhi izinga elingalungile licishe libe ngu-zero, elihlangabezana ngokugcwele nokukhiqizwa kanye sebenzisa izidingo.

Isiphetho se-4

I-1) I-WC eyizinhlayiyana eziqinisiwe zensimbi ezihlanganisiwe zisetshenziswa njenge-substrate, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuyathuthukiswa ngemuva 3D zokunyathelisa. Amandla acindezelayo namandla okukhiqiza acindezelayo wento eyinhlanganisela enama-30% (ingxenye enkulu) i-WC engezwe ifinyelele ku-1757MPa no-1677MPa ngokulandelanayo, okungaba ngu-20% ngaphezulu kokusebenza kokucindezelwa kwe-matrix yensimbi yokubumba. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe zingasetshenziswa ekubunjweni kokuphrinta kwe-3D ukunciphisa ukubola kwesikhunta kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

2) Umklamo wesikhunta sokupholisa seshaneli samanzi esizimela ngokwawo unqamula umkhawulo ovamile wobubanzi bomzila wamanzi futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa isikhunta. Idizayini ehlelekile inganciphisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesikhunta ngo-47.4%, izinga lokushisa elivamile lendawo yokubumba ngo-40.9%, kanye nokufana kwezinga lokushisa kwesikhunta ngo-1.8%. Umphumela wokupholisa uthuthukiswa kakhulu, futhi isikhunta sesiteshi samanzi esivumelanayo singanciphisa ngempumelelo ukuwohloka komkhiqizo, sithuthukise ukuqina komkhiqizo, futhi sithuthukise kakhulu ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

3) Uma kuqhathaniswa nokubunjwa kwamashaneli endabuko amanzi, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo eyakhiwe uhlelo lokupholisa lwesiteshi samanzi se-3D sokuphrinta ngokusemthethweni kukhuphuka ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-30, ahlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa.