Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D kungokwalabo ubuchwepheshe be-prototyping ngokushesha. Ihlukile ekukhiqizeni okujwayelekile kokukhiphayo, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D bubizwa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza okungeziwe. Ukwenziwa kwezingxenye zendabuko ngokuvamile kudinga amathuluzi nezibunzi, futhi kunzima ukucubungula izingxenye ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi nezindawo ezingalingani. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D busebenzisa izindlela zesimanje ezifana namakhompuyutha, amalaser kanye ne-CNC ukuze bakhe imodeli yefayela le-3D lengxenye ezocutshungulwa kukhompuyutha. Ngemva kokuba imodeli yakhiwe, ingeniswa kusofthiwe yokusika ukuze kusethwe imingcele yokucubungula, njengesivinini sokucubungula, ukuphakama kwesendlalelo, njll. Ngemva kokuba izilungiselelo seziqediwe, zingeniswa kuphrinta ye-3D. Iphrinta ithatha amapharamitha okucubungula futhi ibone ukucutshungulwa kwento ngokuphrinta isendlalelo sezinto ezibonakalayo ngokwesendlalelo. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokuphrinta be-3D ngokuvamile ama-resin, i-PLA, amapulasitiki e-ABS, njll., kuyilapho izinto ezisetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta bensimbi be-3D kuyizinsimbi noma izinto ze-alloy. Ngokwezinqubo zokuphrinta zensimbi ezihlukene ze-3D, ingahlukaniswa cishe kubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe be-laser sintering (SLS), ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilika kwe-laser obukhethiwe (SLM), ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilika kwe-electron beam (EBSM), ubuchwepheshe bokubunjwa kwe-laser near-net shaping (LENS), ubuchwepheshe obuqondile be-laser sintering (DMLS) nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-Metal 3D buye basetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi njengokukhiqiza ukunemba, i-aerospace, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha ngenxa yekhono layo lokucubungula izingxenye zanoma yisiphi isimo.

Ngokuthuthuka komphakathi kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta bensimbi be-3D buye bathatha ngokushesha isikhundla esibalulekile embonini yokukhiqiza insimbi ngezinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisa izinto ezibonakalayo, umjikelezo omfushane wokukhiqiza, kanye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa be-Metal 3D bungaphrinta izingxenye zensimbi ezincane, eziyinkimbinkimbi, nezinemba kakhulu, ngakho lobu buchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle kwawo wonke ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni, ukuthuthukisa isimo samanje sokukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi, ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba amaningi inqubo yokukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokukhiqiza insimbi.

1 Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D bensimbi

Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta bensimbi be-3D obujwayelekile obusetshenziswa ngqo emakethe yokukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi yilezi: i-selective laser sintering (SLS), i-selective laser melting (SLM), i-laser sintering eqondile yensimbi (DMLS), i-laser eduze nokubunjwa kwenetha (LENS), Futhi i-electron beam selective melting (EBSM).

1.1 Ubuchwepheshe be-laser sintering (SLS) obukhethiwe

Ubuchwepheshe be-selective laser sintering (SLS) ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta bensimbi bokuqala be-3D. Indlela ye-metallurgical esetshenziswayo yi-liquid phase sintering mechanism. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo impushana exubile yensimbi ephezulu yokuncibilika kanye nensimbi encibilikayo ephansi noma impahla ye-polymer. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilika, indawo ephansi yokuncibilika yensimbi noma impushana ye-polymer iyancibilika, kuyilapho indawo ephakeme yensimbi eyimpushana ingancibiliki futhi igcina umgogodla wayo wesigaba esiqinile njengensimbi yesakhiwo. Into encibilikisiwe isebenza njengensimbi ebophayo futhi ikhiqiza isigaba soketshezi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika ukuze simboze, simanzise futhi sibophe insimbi eqinile ukuze kuzuzwe ukuminyana kwe-sintering. Idivayisi yonke yenqubo iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: isilinda esiyimpuphu nesilinda sokubumba. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-powder cylinder ngakwesobunxele iphakamisa ungqimba olulodwa, bese i-powder roller isakaza ungqimba lwempushana ngokulinganayo ku-cylinder yokubumba. I-laser beam elawulwa yikhompuyutha iskena impushana ngokuya ngemodeli esikiwe, ukuze impushana yensimbi ifinyelele endaweni yokuncibilika bese i-sintering ukuze iqedele ungqimba lwengxenye. Ngemuva kokuqedwa, isilinda sokubumba siwisa ungqimba olulodwa, futhi i-powder roller izosakaza ungqimba olufana nolwempushana ku-cylinder yokubumba futhi ukuze sinter ungqimba olulandelayo. Le nqubo iphindaphindiwe ukuze kuqedelwe ukukhiqizwa kwayo yonke ingxenye.

Izici zokukhetha i-laser sintering: Izinzuzo: (1) Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingasetshenziswa. Kubandakanya izinto ze-polymer, izimpushana zensimbi, izimpushana ze-ceramic, izimpushana zenayiloni, njll., ezinokukhetha okuqinile. (2) Akukho ukwesekwa okudingekayo. Ngoba i-powder engafakwanga ingasekela isendlalelo esimisiwe esikhiqiziwe phakathi nenqubo yokuphrinta. (3) Izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisa izinto. Akukho ukusekelwa okudingekayo phakathi nenqubo yokuphrinta, futhi intengo yezinto ezibonakalayo iphansi. Okubi kuhlanganisa: (1) Indawo eqinile. Ingaphezulu le-prototype ekhiqizwa inqubo ye-SLS iyimpuphu futhi ihlanganiswe, futhi isesimweni sezinhlayiya ze-powder, ngakho ikhwalithi yendawo ayiphezulu. (2) Kukhona iphunga phakathi nenqubo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto ze-polymer noma izinhlayiya zempushana zizokhipha iphunga ngesikhathi sokushisa.

1.2 I-Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Technology

Ubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe be-laser melting (SLM) buthuthukiswa ngesisekelo se-SLS. Umgomo wayo oyisisekelo ufana ne-SLS. Okokuqala, isofthiwe yekhompyutha yokufanisa i-3D isetshenziselwa ukwakha imodeli, bese isofthiwe ye-slice isetshenziselwa ukulungisa amapharamitha futhi ithole idatha yesendlalelo ngasinye, bese ikhompuyutha ilawula i-laser beam ukuze iskene futhi incibilike isendlalelo ngokwesendlalelo ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba ngesendlalelo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuze kuvinjelwe insimbi ukuthi ingaphenduli namanye amagesi ekushiseni okuphezulu, inqubo ye-SLM idinga ukwenziwa ngaphansi kwegesi ye-inert. Ngokungafani nenqubo ye-SLS, inqubo ye-SLM idinga ukuthi i-powder yensimbi incibilike ngokuphelele bese ipholiswa ukuze yakheke, ngakho-ke i-laser enamandla amakhulu iyadingeka ukuskena impushana.

Izici zokuncibilika kwe-laser okukhethiwe: Izinzuzo: (1) I-powder incibilika ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokucubungula futhi akukho mpahla yokubopha edingekayo. Ngakho-ke, ukunemba kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zezingxenye ezakhiwe ukucubungula zingcono kunalezo ezakhiwe yi-SLS. (2) Ukuminyana okuphezulu. Ububanzi bendawo ye-laser beam buhle futhi ukuminyana kusondele ku-100%, okucishe kulingane nokusansimbi. (3) Ingenza kalula futhi ngokuqondile izingxenye zensimbi ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi. Okubi kuhlanganisa: (1) Imishini ebizayo nokusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ochwepheshe bayadingeka ukuthi basebenze. (2) I-post-processing eyinkimbinkimbi. Inqubo ye-SLM idinga ukwengezwa kwezisekelo, futhi izingxenye ezibunjiwe zidinga ukucutshungulwa ngemuva ukuze kukhishwe izisekelo.

1.3 Ubuchwepheshe be-Electron beam selective melting (EBSM).

Izingxenye ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zemishini ye-EBSM zihlanganisa isibhamu se-electron kanye ne-vacuum chamber. Isibhamu se-electron sihlanganisa i-anode, i-cathode, igridi, i-filament, ikhoyili ephambukayo, nekhoyili yokugxila. Igumbi le-vacuum lihlanganisa i-powder spreader, i-piston, nebhokisi lokugcina ipowder. Isimiso sokusebenza siwukuthi i-filament phezulu kwesibhamu se-electron (ngokuvamile i-tungsten filament) ikhiqiza inani elikhulu lama-electron ashisayo ebusweni bayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakeme futhi iwakhiphe nge-cathode. Kukhona imbobo encane phezulu kwegridi. Isikhundla esihlobene ne-cathode singalawula inani le-electron beam edlulayo. Ngaphansi kokusheshisa kwe-anode, ithola amandla e-kinetic aphezulu kakhulu, angasheshiswa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yejubane lokukhanya. I-electron beam igxile kukhoyili yokugxila bese ingena kukhoyili yokuphambuka. I-electron beam ingaphambukisa ikhoyili ephambukayo futhi impushana iskenwa ngokukhetha ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwekhompyutha. Impushana ifakwa ebhokisini lokugcina impushana. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ungqimba lwe-powder lusakazwa ngokulinganayo embhedeni we-powder nge-spreader powder. Umbhede oyimpushana ushisisa ngaphambili ngensimbi engenamandla amancane, enejubane eliphansi lokuskena ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kwendawo yokuncibilika yempushana yensimbi. Bese, amandla aphezulu kanye nesivinini sokuskena sisetshenziswa ukuncibilikisa impushana. Lapho i-electron beam ishayisana nempushana yensimbi, amandla ayo e-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla okushisa ukuze ancibilikise impushana yensimbi. Ngemva kokuqeda ungqimba lokuskena, i-piston yehla ngongqimba olulodwa, futhi isisakazeli sempushana sisakaza impushana futhi ukuze sishise futhi sincibilikise isendlalelo esisha sempushana. Le nqubo iphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho ingxenye yensimbi yakhiwe ngokuphelele. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inqubo ye-EBSM idinga ukwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum. Ngemva kokwenziwa kwengxenye, idivayisi idinga ukuhanjiswa emishinini yokucubungula ngemva kokucubungula ukuze kukhishwe impushana ezungezile ngokufutha igesi ecindezelwe ukuze kutholakale ukuphrinta kokugcina, futhi impushana esele ingasetshenziswa kabusha.

Izici zokuncibilika okukhethayo kwe-electron beam: Izinzuzo: (1) Ubuchwepheshe be-EBSM bunokushisa okuphezulu kwangaphambi kokushisa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum, ezingancibilikisa izinsimbi ze-high-melting-point, ukunciphisa ukugxila kokucindezeleka okushisayo, nokugwema ukugoba nokuguqulwa kwezingxenye ezibunjiwe. (2) Akukho ukusekelwa okudingekayo phakathi nenqubo yokubumba. Impushana engafakiwe isetshenziswa njengokusekela, futhi ngemva kokuqedwa kokukhiqizwa, impushana kuphela edinga ukushaywa umoya. Ukungalungi: (1) Isenzo “sokuphephetha umpuphu”. I-powder esakazwa embhedeni we-powder nge-powder spreader ishiya isikhundla esibekwe ngaphambili ngaphansi kwesenzo se-electron beam. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi i-electron beam ibangela i-powder nge-conductivity engalungile ukuthwala ugesi omile, futhi amandla aphikisayo kagesi we-static abangela ukuba i-powder iwa. (2) Isenzo se-“Spheroidization”. Kubhekiselwa ekutheni insimbi ingancibiliki ngokuphelele futhi yakhe iqoqo lamabhola ensimbi ahlukaniswe komunye nomunye. (3) Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zidinga ukuqedwa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum, ngezindleko eziphezulu zokunakekela, futhi imisebe ye-gamma izokhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokumiswa kwe-electron beam, engabangela ukuvuza nokungcolisa imvelo.

1.4 I-Laser Near Net Shape (LENS) Technology

Lobu buchwepheshe bethulwa okokuqala yiSandia National Laboratory e-United States ekhulwini elidlule. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-laser cladding nobuchwepheshe be-selective laser sintering (SLS). Isebenzisa indlela yokuphakela impushana eyi-coaxial ukwakha ichibi elincibilikisiwe ngelaser. Impushana echibini elincibilikisiwe iyancibilika futhi iqine ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye.

Izici ze-laser eduze nokuma kwenetha: Izinzuzo: (1) Ubuchwepheshe be-LENS busebenzisa ukuncibilika kwensimbi okusheshayo nokuqiniswa, futhi izingxenye ezitholwe ngokubunjwa zinokuminyana okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokukhanda. (2) Asikho isikhunta esidingekayo, esisindisa izindleko futhi singaqaphela ukucutshungulwa kwezinto ezihlukene. Ukungalungi: (1) Izinga eliphezulu lezingxenye ezibunjiwe aliphezulu, indawo engaphezulu ilukhuni, ukucindezeleka okushisayo kukhulu phakathi nenqubo yokubumba, futhi kulula ukwenzeka ukuqhekeka. (2) Igesi yokuzivikela iyadingeka ngesikhathi sokubumba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-titanium alloy powder, izindleko ziphakeme kakhulu.

1.5 I-Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Technology

Ubuchwepheshe be-DMLS buyigatsha lobuchwepheshe be-SLS. Yaqala ukumila ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Ubuchwepheshe be-DMLS busebenzisa ngokuqondile impushana yensimbi yokucwilisa. Umehluko kubuchwepheshe be-SLM ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-SLM budinga ukuthi i-powder yensimbi incibilike ngokuphelele, kuyilapho i-DMLS idinga kuphela ukufeza i-sintering.

Izici ze-laser sintering yensimbi eqondile: Izinzuzo: (1) Izingxenye zensimbi zingenziwa nge-sintered ngqo (2) Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingasetshenziswa. Isibonelo, insimbi engagqwali, i-cobalt-based, i-nickel-based, njll. (3) Umsebenzi owenziwe ngokucubungula unesakhiwo esiminyene namandla okubopha okuphezulu. Ukungalungi: (1) Isenzo se-“Spheroidization”. (2) Kulula uku-sinter nokukhubazeka, futhi ukuminyana akuphezulu.

1.6 Ubuchwepheshe obusha

Isibonelo, ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kwe-arc kagesi (WAAM), i-nanoparticle jet metal forming (NPJ) kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-ultrasonic (UAM), njll., lobu buchwepheshe bunendawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa esikhathini esizayo.

2 Amathemba okuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D bensimbi

2.1 Ukwandiswa kwezinkambu zezicelo

Namuhla, ukuphrinta kwensimbi ye-3D akusakhawulelwe emikhakheni yokucubungula isikhunta ngomshini nokukhiqiza, kodwa kungasetshenziswa nakweminye imikhakha. Ingasetshenziswa endaweni ye-aerospace. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-Metal 3D bungasetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni sezingxenye ezilimele, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukushintshwa kwezindleko eziphezulu zawo wonke umshini nokwelula impilo yawo yesevisi. Ingakwazi futhi ukuphrinta izingxenye ezibalulekile zendiza. Isibonelo, ngoNovemba 2018, ubakaki benjini ephrintiwe yensimbi ye-3D eyakhiwe yi-GE yagunyazwa ukuthi isetshenziswe ekwenziweni kwezindiza[7]. Ingasetshenziswa emkhakheni wezemfundo nokufundisa. Ukuphrinta kwe-Metal 3D kungasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokufundisa ukuqondisa abafundi ukuze baqonde lobu buchwepheshe. Ingaphrinta futhi amamodeli okufundisa ukuze iqondise abafundi ukuze baqonde imodeli ngendlela enembile futhi ithuthukise ikhwalithi yokufundisa. Ingasetshenziswa emkhakheni wezimoto. Ngo-2017, i-brake caliper ephrintiwe yiVolkswagen yaphumelela ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe futhi yahlangabezana nemigomo yesisindo esincane namandla aphezulu. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukulungisa izingxenye zezimoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasetshenziswa futhi emkhakheni wezokwelapha. I-Titanium alloy yinto evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni kwamazinyo. Indlela yokukhiqiza yendabuko ayigcini nje ngokubiza, kodwa futhi ngosayizi owodwa futhi ayikwazi ukwenziwa ngezifiso. Manje ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ngokuskena umlomo wesiguli, isungule imodeli yokufakelwa kwamazinyo bese iyinyathelisa ngokuqondile kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-metal sintering, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko nezinyathelo zokucubungula. Kukhona futhi izindawo ezingasetshenziswa njengokwenza impahla yasendlini, amathoyizi namamodeli wopopayi.

2.2 Imishini yokuphrinta nobungcweti bezinto ezibonakalayo

Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-Metal 3D busesigabeni sawo sokuqala, nemishini yokunyathelisa embalwa futhi engaphelele, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kusengozini. Uma lesi simo sidinga ukuthuthukiswa, kuyadingeka ukudala imishini engabizi futhi uqhubeke nokwandisa umshini wokunyathelisa. Isibonelo, kuyadingeka ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu mayelana nezinqubo zokuphrinta ze-3D zensimbi ezifana nokuphrinta okufanayo, ukuphrinta kwezinto eziningi, ukuphrinta kwe-nozzle eminingi, ukuphrinta izingcezu ezinkulu, nokuphrinta okuqhubekayo, futhi kusetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo ngokusekelwe kulokhu. . Imikhawulo yezinto zokunyathelisa iphinde ivimbele ukuthuthukiswa kokunyathelisa kwensimbi ye-3D ngezinga elithile. Ngokuphathelene nezinto zokunyathelisa, kufanele kwenzeke ukuphrinta izinto ezahlukene futhi uphrinte izinto ezahlukene zezindawo ezahlukene. Isibonelo, izinto ze-cobalt zingasetshenziswa kuma-turbines wegesi; izinto ze-nickel zingasetshenziswa emakamelweni omlilo; izinsimbi eziyigugu zingasetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwedivayisi ye-elekthronikhi, kanye nezinye izinto zensimbi eziphikisayo njenge-tungsten. Izindlela ezintsha zokunyathelisa kanye nokunyathelisa izinto ezintsha zensimbi kuzoba yizindawo ezithandwa kakhulu zocwaningo futhi kuzogxilwa kuzo esikhathini esizayo, ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokuphuma kokunyathelisa kwensimbi ye-3D ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokukhiqizwa kwezimo nezimo ezihlukahlukene.