ln inkqubo yokwakha iinqanawa, isinyithi se-babbitt sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iintlobo zemiqamelo kwiinqanawa. Ekulungisweni kweenqanawa, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa okuphindaphindiweyo kwe-babbitt yentsimbi yomqamelo kunye nokunciphisa inkunzi kunye nexesha lokuthunyelwa kwe-outsourcing, ngokuhambelana namava asebenzayo okulungisa umqamelo wesinyithi we-babbitt kwiminyaka edlulileyo kwiminyaka engama-30, iseti yeteknoloji yokulungisa i-welding. yentsimbi ye-babbitt enezinga eliphezulu eliqinisekisiweyo lishwankathelwa.

Intshayelelo ye1

Izixhobo ezininzi ezijikelezayo kwiinqanawa zixhomekeke kwinkxaso yeebheringi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuthambisa iibheringi ngokuthambisa ioli ukuze isebenze. I-bearing bushing ephakathi ye-shaft yomsila wenqanawa, i-rod rod bushing ye-injini engundoqo, i-bushing ye-generator, njl., zonke zenziwe nge-alloy ye-Babbitt. Ngenxa yokungcangcazela okanye ukusilela kwenkqubo yonikezelo lweoyile ngexesha lomsebenzi wexesha elide, ingxubevange yeBabbitt kwi-bushing igugile, kwaye ibangela ukuba i-alloy ye-Babbitt iwe kwaye itshise. Ke ngoko, ukuphosa kunye nokulungisa i-welding ihlala isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa. Eli nqaku liza kuzisa umkhuba oyimpumelelo we-TIG wokulungisa iteknoloji yokulungisa i-welding ye-bushings eyonakeleyo kunye neyonakele.

2 Intshayelelo yeBabbitt Alloy

2.1 Iimpawu zeBabbitt Alloy

I-alloy ye-Babbitt inokusebenza okuphezulu kokunciphisa ukunxiba, ukufakwa kakuhle, ukuthotyelwa kwe-friction kunye nokuchasana kwe-shaft. Iinqununu zesigaba esinzima zisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwi-matrix yesigaba esithambileyo. I-matrix yesigaba esithambileyo inika i-alloyi ekuzinziseni kakuhle, ukuthobela kunye neempawu zokuchasana nokuluma. Emva kokubaleka ngaphakathi, i-matrix ethambileyo i-concave kwaye iindawo ezinzima ziyi-convex, ukwenzela ukuba i-gap encinci yenziwe phakathi kweendawo ezityibilikayo ukuze ibe yindawo yokugcina i-oyile kunye nomjelo we-oyile wokuthambisa, onceda ukunciphisa ukunxiba; kunye neengqungquthela ezinzima ze-convex zidlala indima exhasayo, ehambelana nokuthwala.

2.2 Iimodeli ze-babbitt alloy ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo

Uninzi lwamatyholo omsila womsila wenqanawa, i-injini engundoqo yokudibanisa i-rod bushings kunye ne-generator bushings isebenzisa iindidi ezimbini ze-babbitt alloys, ezizezi ZSnSb11Cu6 kunye ne-ZSnSb8Cu4, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile yoku-1.

2.3 Iziphene kunye nomonakalo kwiifom ze-babbitt alloys

Owona monakalo ungundoqo wenqanawe yomsila wenqanawe uphakathi kokuthwala bushing (babbitt alloy) zezi zilandelayo:

(1) Isiphene okanye ukunxitywa kwendawo

Ngenxa yokusebenza kwexesha elide le-bushing, i-babbitt alloy layer kwi-bushing igugile kwaye ikhutshwe ngenxa ye-vibration, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 1.

(2) Ukwaphulwa ngokupheleleyo okanye ukuchithwa

Ukuba inkqubo yonikezelo lwe-oyile iyasilela, ukutshisa kuya kwenzeka, kwaye zombini iibheringi ezingaphezulu nezisezantsi ziya kutshiswa kwaye zophuke, ngakumbi i-bearing esezantsi, apho i-Babbitt alloy layer iya kuthi igxothwe. Olu hlobo lomonakalo onzima alukwazi ukulungiswa ngokudibanisa, kwaye kufuneka lulungiswe ngokubuyisela kwakhona.

3 Izinto eziphathekayo kunye neempawu ze-welding ye-alloy ye-Babbitt

I-Babbitt alloy yimathiriyeli yentsimbi ethambileyo, edla ngokulungiswa ngokuphindaphinda kunye ne-welding. Ekubeni i-alloy ye-Babbitt ineqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika (240 ° C) kunye nolwelo olunamandla, ulwelo lwe-tin echibini elityhidiweyo kulula ukulahlekelwa, ngoko kunzima ukuphosa okanye ukuwelda. Ngokuziqhelanisa ngokuqhubekayo, iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa kunye neenkqubo ezilula kunezo zendabuko ziye zahlolwa. Oku kulandelayo kwazisa indlela yokulungisa i-TIG welding xa umonakalo unzima.

3.1 Iimpawu zezinto eziphathekayo zeBabbitt alloy

I-Tin-based solder yi-solder ethambileyo enendawo ephantsi yokunyibilika. Iyakwazi ukunyibilika kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi ngokutshisa, kwaye ii-nodes eziza kuxutywa zinokudibaniswa. Yindlela yokubonelela ngokuqhubekayo kwe-thermal kunye ne-electrical conductivity, okanye esetyenziselwa ukutywinwa kwe-liquid kunye ne-gas containers, kwaye i-solder joints ayixhomekeke kuxinzelelo olukhulu.

Isoda ethambileyo kufuneka ihlangabezane nezi mfuno zilandelayo:

(1) Yiba ne-thermal kunye ne-conductivity ethile yombane;

(2) Gcina amandla afunekayo phakathi kwamalungu adibanisayo angaphantsi kwama-200 ℃;

(3) Yiba nesakhiwo esixineneyo kunye nokutywinwa kakuhle;

(4) Yiba nokumanzisa okuhle phakathi kwe-solder ethambileyo kunye neendawo ezithengiswayo kunye nezixhobo ezisisiseko.

I-thermal kunye ne-conductivity yombane ye-solder ethambileyo impofu, kuphela i-8% ~ 15% yobhedu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ukuchasana okucacileyo (okufana nokuchasana) kwindlela (efana nesekethe), kuba indlela yokuqhuba imfutshane kunye nommandla woqhagamshelwano kwi-solder joint.

Umgangatho we-solder joint kuxhomekeke kubume bomhlaba oza kuthengiswa, iipropati ze-solder ezithambileyo kunye nokukhethwa kwe-flux. Enyanisweni, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokumanzisa i-solder etyhidiweyo ethambileyo kwindawo yentsimbi eqinileyo ukuze ifakwe. I-Tin yinto esebenzayo kumacandelo amaninzi e-solder ethambileyo. Iyakwazi ukumanzisa kunye ne-fuse kunye nesiseko sesinyithi esiza kuthengiswa, njengeCu, Fe, Ni, njl., Ukwenza umaleko omncinci kakhulu weekhompawundi zetsimbi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-flux kukucoca ubuso besinyithi ukuba buthengiswe ukuphepha ukuchaphazela ukumanzi. Inxalenye ephambili ye-flux yi-ZnCl2, evelisa i-hydrochloric acid yamahhala phambi kwamanzi. Xa i-soldering yethusi, i-oxide layer inyibilika kwi-chloride kwaye ishiya isiseko sobhedu, kwaye i-solder etyhidiweyo isasazeka ngokuthe ngcembe kubhedu.

3.2 Ukwakhiwa kwesoda ethambileyo kunye neempawu

I-solder ethambileyo idla ngokuba yi-alloy ye-Sn-Pb enokwakheka kwe-eutectic ye-26.1% Pb kunye nobushushu be-eutectic obuyi-183 ℃, enokuqinisekisa ubushushu obuphantsi be-soldering kwaye ithintele umonakalo kwizinto ezingevayo ubushushu.

Xa uthengisa ngesandla, khetha i-Sn-50%Pbd alloy. Njengoko iqondo lokushisa liyancipha, i-solubility ye-Sn kwi-Pb iyancipha, i-Sn iyancipha, kwaye i-solder iyathamba; kwi-Sn-Pb-Sb i-alloy solder, imvula ye-SnSb intermetallic compounds ibonakala ngokukodwa; I-Sn-5% Ag kunye ne-Sn-5% Sb i-alloys ayinakugcina kuphela amandla e-solder ukuya kwi-200 ℃, kodwa ibe nokumanzi okufanayo kwi-eutectic alloys.

Kwi-solder esetyenziswe kumaqondo aphantsi, ii-alloys eziphezulu ze-Pb kufuneka zikhethwe, njenge-Pb-10% Sn okanye i-Pb-5% Sn-1.5% Ag alloys. Ukumanzisa kunye namandla ale alloy kuya kuchaphazeleka, kodwa i-Sn ayiyi kutshintshwa kwisigaba kumaqondo okushisa aphantsi (afana ne-173K), okukhokelela ekulahlekeni okukhulu kweplastiki ye-solder kunye namandla empembelelo.

Kula ma-solders, i-0.001% Al iya kubangela i-oxidation, kwaye ifilimu ye-aluminium oxide iya kuchaphazela ukumanzisa kwi-interface phakathi kwe-solder yamanzi kunye ne-flux; i-solder ngokubanzi iqulethe i-0.1% ~ 0.5% Sb, kwaye i-solder-resistant solder inokufikelela kwi-5% Sb. Inani elincinci le-antimony (0.1% ~ 0.5%) linokuphucula ukumanzisa kwe-Pb-Sn solder kubhedu. Ukongeza i-0.1% ~ 0.25% Bi inokunyusa isantya sokusasazeka kwe-eutectic Sn-Pb solder. Xa i-Bi idlula i-0.5%, indawo ye-solder iya kutshintsha umbala.

I-Cadmium iya kunciphisa isantya sokumanzisa, kwaye ifilimu yayo ye-oxide iya kuba mnyama indawo ye-solder kwaye ibangele iziphene zokuqhayisa; ubhedu lunempembelelo encinci kwi-wettability ye-solder, kodwa xa idlula i-0.25% Cu, iya kuchaphazela ukubonakala kwendawo yokuqhafaza ngenxa yokubunjwa kwee-Cu-Sn compounds; i-phosphorus edlula i-0.01% ye-P iya kuchaphazela ukumanzi kwe-solder kwi-copper kunye ne-low-carbon steel; isulfure (S) ichaphazela ukubonakala kwendawo yokutshisa, kwaye umxholo we-S kwi-solder ukhawulelwe ngaphakathi kwe-0.001 5%; I-Zn i-oxidized ngokulula ukuvelisa i-oxides, kwaye umgangatho we-solder we-solder uwohloka xa udlula i-0.003% ye-Zn. Ngoko ke, umphumo odibeneyo wokungcola okuhlukeneyo awunakujongelwa phantsi kwaye kufuneka ukhawulelwe ngokungqongqo.

3.3 Ubunzima kwinkqubo yokulungiswa kwe-babbitt alloy

Ngaphambili, ukulungiswa kwe-welding kwakulungiswa ikakhulu ngokubethelwa komoya ngokwemveli okanye intsimbi yechromium yombane enamandla amakhulu. Ezi ndlela zokulungisa zineziphene zilandelayo:

(1) Ukuveliswa kocingo lwe-welding

Kuyimfuneko ukwenza intonga ye-welding yasekhaya kwaye usebenzise ilangatye le-oksijini-acetylene ukutshisa ngokuthe ngqo ibhloko ye-babbitt alloy. Iziphene zayo zezi: kwelinye icala, xa ishushu kwaye inyibilika, ulwelo lwe-welding wire oluphuma ngaphandle luya kuqina ngoko nangoko, lube ziintambo zokuwelda ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ezinobubanzi obungqingqwa kunye nokungalinganiyo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokuba i-alloy ye-babbitt itshiswa ngokuthe ngqo ngumlilo we-oxygen-acetylene, ukungcola okukuyo akunakususwa kwaye kuya kuqina kwi-welding wire, okwenza ukuba ucingo lwe-welding lube lubi kakhulu. Kunzima ukunyibilikisa izinto zokuzalisa kwi-wind brazing yendabuko okanye ukulungiswa kwentsimbi ye-chromium yombane ephezulu;

(2) Ukulungisa umphumo

Indlela yokuwelda irhasi yemveli yokuwelda kunye nokulungiswa kweebheringi ayinakuhlangabezana neemfuno zokulungisa ukuwelda: ① Sebenzisa isibane somoya ukujolisa ngokuthe ngqo ekuthwaleni. Nangona amandla okunyibilika ahlangabezana neemfuno zokulungisa i-welding, iya konakalisa indawo ephilileyo esecaleni komzimba womzali okanye inxalenye yokulungisa, kwaye inxalenye edibeneyo kunye nenxalenye edibeneyo ayinakunyibilika kunye; ② Sebenzisa isibane somoya ukufudumeza ihamile eyenziwe ngobhedu olusulungekileyo ngaphandle kokuyifudumeza, kwaye usebenzise isando ukuqhuba ubushushu be-welding. Oku kuya kuphelisa ubushushu ngokukhawuleza, kubangele ukupholisa kunye nokungaphumeleli ukunyibilika ukuphumeza i-welding. Kwakhona kunzima ukunyibilikisa inxalenye edityanisiweyo kunye nenxalenye engaguqukiyo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kukho i-undercut kwi-joint; ③ Sebenzisa i-iron yechromium yombane ephezulu yombane ukuwelda, kunye nobushushu be-500 A. Ukuthatha intsimbi ye-electrochromium njengomzekelo, ukuwelda kweembombo kunye neebheringi ezincinci ezinodonga olubhityileyo kwamkelekile, kodwa kwiibheringi ezinodonga olungqingqwa, ubushushu alanelanga, amandla okunyibilika akakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokulungisa i-welding, kwaye amajoyina ahlala e-undercuts.

4 Ukulungisa indlela usebenzisa i-TIG

Ngomonakalo wendawo encinci kunye neziphene zeBabbitt alloy bearings, iindlela zokulungisa i-welding eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-oxyacetylene brazing kunye ne-soldering iron welding. I-Oxyacetylene brazing kunye ne-soldering iron welding ixhomekeke kwii-undercuts, ukungena okungaphelelanga kunye neepores. Ngokukodwa, inkqubo yokusebenza kwe-oxyacetylene brazing iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kulula ukuyonakalisa i-matrix.

Oku kulandelayo kwazisa indlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo yokulungisa i-welding ye-Babbitt alloy bearings. Akulula nje ukusebenza, kodwa kwakhona ayifuni i-flux, yenza lula inkqubo yokulungisa kwaye inomgangatho ophezulu we-welding. Isantya esifanelekileyo emva kokulungiswa sinokufikelela kwi-100%, ukoyisa iziphene ze-undercuts, ukungena okungaphelelanga kunye nama-pores alula ukuvelisa nge-oxyacetylene brazing kunye ne-soldering iron welding, kunye nobomi bokuthwala emva kokulungiswa kwandiswa; ingasetyenziswa kumonakalo omkhulu kwi-Babbitt alloy bearings, ukonga iindleko kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.

Ngokusekelwe kumava okulungisa iibheringi ze-babbitt alloy kwiminyaka, indlela yokulungisa i-TIG ye-welding ivelele phakathi kweendlela ezininzi. Amanyathelo enkqubo ethile ye-TIG welding babbitt alloy yaziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

4.1 Ukulungiselela phambi kokuba udibanise

(1) Ukulungiswa kocingo lwe-welding

Izinto eziphathekayo ze-babbitt alloy, imodeli ye-ZSnSb11Cu6 kunye ne-ZSnSb8Cu4, isinyithi esithambileyo esinendawo ephantsi yokuncibilika.

Khetha ukutshatisa imathiriyeli yealloyi ye-babbitt yokunyibilika (i-crucible encinci) ukwenza ucingo lwe-welding yasekhaya. I-wire welding encibilike kwi-crucible encinci ihlambulukile, enokuthi isuse ukungcola ngaphakathi kwaye isuse izinto ezidadayo ezimiswe phezu komhlaba; thambekela ∠ 30 × 30 × 2 intsimbi yentsimbi engenastainless ukuze i-engile phakathi kwe-engile yensimbi engenastainless igroove kunye nenqwelomoya ethe tye ibe yi-20 ° ~ 40 °, emva koko usebenzise icephe lentsimbi ukugalela ulwelo olutyhidiweyo lwe-babbitt alloy kwi-stainless. i-engile yentsimbi ye-groove yentsimbi, jikelisa i-engile yentsimbi engenastainless, kwaye uqokelele ucingo lwe-welding oluwa kwi-engile yentsimbi yentsimbi.

(2) Ukunyangwa kwendawo yokuthwala

Iibheringi eziye zahlala kwioli yokuthambisa ixesha elide zineemolekyuli zeoli eziye zangena emzimbeni. Ngexesha lokulungiswa kwe-welding, la maoyile avuzayo aya kuthintela ukudityaniswa kwesinyithi, ngoko ke kufuneka acocwe ngononophelo.

Okokuqala, misela indawo yokulungiswa kwe-welding kwaye uhlambulule iibheringi ze-ultrasonically. Ukuba iimeko azihlangabezwanga, sebenzisa ii-agent zokucoca isinyithi ukucoca ifilimu ye-oxide kunye ne-oil stains phezu komhlaba. Emva koko gcina iibheringi zicocekile kwaye ngokukhawuleza wenze ukulungiswa kwe-welding.

4.2 Inkqubo yokulungisa i-welding

(1) Sebenzisa i-TIG DC welding: sebenzisa ukhuseleko lwe-argon, izinga lokuhamba kwe-argon yi-8 ukuya kwi-10 L / min, ububanzi be-electrode yi-3.2 mm; i-nozzle encinci yokukhusela i-ceramic; sebenzisa i-headband photochromic mask, kwaye ube mnene xa ubamba ucingo lwe-welding;

(2) Sebenzisa i-welding flat kunye nendlela ye-welding yesandla sasekhohlo: musa ukukhawuleza ukugcwalisa umaleko ongezantsi we-weld, qalisa kuqala i-arc kwindawo ye-welding, kuba iibheringi ezindala ziye zangena kwioli eninzi yokuthambisa ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kwaye ayinakususwa ngokupheleleyo emva kokucoca. Xa i-welding, qalisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-arc ngasemva naphambili kwindawo ye-welding, usebenzisa i-TIG Sebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-arc ukunyanzela iamolekyu yeoli ngaphakathi; Emva koko sebenzisa i-rag ecocekileyo efakwe kwi-acetone encinci ukuze usule iimolekyuli zeoli ezidada phezu komhlaba; ekugqibeleni sebenzisa ibrashi yocingo ukuxubha iioksidi ezidadayo kumphezulu, kwaye emva koko wenze i-welding yokulungisa i-wire filling;

(3) Indawo yokunyibilika ye-Babbitt alloy iphantsi. Xa uqalisa i-arc, i-electrode kufuneka ihambelane ngokuchanekileyo kunye nommandla we-welding, kwaye indlela yokucinezela i-arc kufuneka isetyenziswe ukukhusela i-alloy ye-Babbitt kwindawo engeyiyo i-welding ekunyibilikeni; ucingo lwe-welding kufuneka lwenziwe lube luncinci ngokusemandleni ukuququzelela i-arc pressing operation ngexesha le-welding;

4 xa i-arc nganye ye-welding ivaliwe, musa ukususa ngokukhawuleza i-nozzle kwindawo ye-welding ukwenzela ukuba i-gas elibazisiweyo ikwazi ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo indawo ukuphepha ukubangela ama-pores; hlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwinto yokuba akufanele kubekho umoya ngexesha le-welding, kwaye uthathe amanyathelo okuthintela umoya xa kuyimfuneko;

(5) Umphezulu womaleko wokugqibela we-weld kufuneka ube phezulu kancinane kunomphezulu wokuqala wokuthwala, kwaye ubeke ingqalelo ekungavelisi iindlela eziphantsi kunye neziphene ezingadityaniswanga ekudibaneni komphezulu wokuqala, kwaye ekugqibeleni ufumane ibherethi egudileyo ngomatshini. Umzobo we-2 ubonisa indawo yokuthwala emva kokulungiswa kwe-welding ye-TIG.

5 Isiphumo sokulungisa

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumo wokulungisa ukuthwala kweli phepha, umbhali ukhethe ukuthwala okufanayo, kwaye wonakalise ngokwenziwa kwindawo yokukrala ye-3 c㎡ kunye nobunzulu be-2 mm, umonakalo we-5 mm, isiphene. ye-12 mm, ilahleko ye-30 mm, kunye nelahleko ye-35 mm, kwaye emva koko wayilungisa. Iziphumo zovavanyo zidweliswe kwiThebhile2.

Inokubonwa kwiThebhile 2 ukuba indlela yokulungiswa kwemveli yokuthwala inqunyelwe ukulungiswa okuncinci; ngelixa indlela yokuthwala yokulungisa kweli phepha ingasetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-alloys ye-babbitt eyonakele kakhulu, kunye nobukhulu bokulungisa bunokufikelela kwi-35 mm, kwaye umphumo wokulungisa ulungele ukuthwala umonakalo ongadluli kwi-30 mm ubukhulu.

I-alloy ye-Babbitt isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebheringi kwiinqanawa, kwaye umgangatho wayo uhambelana nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenjini yenqanawa, i-generator kunye ne-tail shaft. Xa kulungiswa iinqanawa, ukuphosa kunye ne-TIG welding ye-babbitt alloys iya kuvelisa iimveliso eziphezulu. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda zokulungisa i-babbitt alloy, i-TIG welding okwangoku yeyona ndlela ilula kwaye ifanelekileyo.