Abstract Kuti uvandudze kusagadzika kwekupfeka uye corrosion kuita kwekupisa exchanger chubhu zvikamu zvezuva rekupisa simba rekugadzira, bepa iri rakaita kurapa kwekusimbisa pamusoro pa321 austenitic simbi isina tsvina, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvekupisa kupisa, kugadzirisa dambudziko rechikamu. kukundikana kunokonzerwa nekupfeka kwakanyanya uye kuora. Ni60/WC alloy coating yakagadzirirwa pamusoro pe321 simbi isina tsvina substrate uchishandisa yakakwirira-kumhanya laser cladding tekinoroji. Laser simba, scanning speed uye powder feeding rate yakashandiswa sezvinhu zvinofurira, uye kuoma uye dilution rate yakashandiswa semhando dzakasiyana. Maitiro ekugadzirisa akagadziridzwa achishandisa single-factor experiments. Iyo yekupfekedza yakagadzirirwa neyakakwana maitiro paramita yakasarudzwa, uye chikamu chayo chekuumbwa chakaongororwa neX-ray diffractometer, uye yekupfeka kwayo morphology uye kugovera kwechinhu zvakadzidzwa nekuongorora maelectronic microscopy. Pakupedzisira, seti yeakakwana maitiro parameter musanganiswa akawanikwa nekuongororwa kwakabatana kwe macroscopic morphology, XRD uye SEM. Mhedziso: Iyo yakakwana maitiro paramita ndeiyi: laser simba 1000W, scanning kumhanya 10mm/s, hupfu hwekudya mwero 3.5g · min-1. Chikamu chekuputira chinonyanya kuumbwa nemhinduro yakasimba (γ-Fe, Ni), carbides M7C3 uye M23C6, nezvimwewo. Ivhareji yekukakavadzana kweiyo cladding layer ndeye 0.4, iyo yakaderera pane avhareji friction coefficient ye substrate 0.8; kupera kwekupfeka kwejasi ndeye 2.75mg, iyo inenge 64% yekupfeka kurasikirwa kwe substrate 4.24mg. Iko-yega-corrosion inogoneka yejasi ndeye -0.674V, iyo yakakura kudarika yekuzvigadzirisa inogona kuita ye substrate -0.754V. Iyo arc radius yekuputira yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura iyo ye substrate, zvichiratidza kuti iyo yekupfeka inogona kuderedza corrosion rate ye substrate; iyo yakanyanya kuomarara kukosha kwekupfeka inosvika 608HV0.2, iyo inenge 1.91 nguva yekuoma kwe substrate, iyo yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura iyo ye substrate, zvichiratidza kuti Ni60 / WC alloy coating ine yakanaka corrosion resistance. Muchidimbu, iyo Ni60 / WC alloy coating inovandudza zvakanyanya kupfeka kuramba uye kushorwa kweiyo 321 simbi isina tsvina.
Keywords Laser cladding; Ni60/WC; microstructure; microhardness; kukakavara uye kupfeka; electrochemical corrosion

1 Introduction

321 austenitic Stainless simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukupisa exchanger chubhu zvikamu zvezuva rinopisa simba rekugadzira nekuda kweiyo titanium kudzikamisa zvimiro, yakanakisa kusimba kusimba uye yakakwirira simba [1] [2]. 321 austenitic Stainless simbi ialloy inonyanya kukodzera kugadzirwa kwemotokari, ndege, zvidyarwa zvemakemikari uye zvidyarwa zvemagetsi enyukireya. Muindasitiri yekugadzira, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekushandisa kwakasarudzika mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yesimba, asi mune dzimwe nguva kunobva pane corrosion resistance effects. Iyo deformation maitiro ealloys, senge 321 austenitic Stainless simbi (ASS), inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo anoda yakanakisa corrosion resistance, pasi peakasiyana siyana ekurodha mamiriro haana kunyatso dzidza. Mazhinji ekutsvagisa pane aya alloys anotarisa zvakanyanya pamaitiro avo munzvimbo dzinoparadza uye tembiricha yepamusoro [3] [4].

Parizvino, tsika dzechinyakare dzekupfeka dzinosanganisira murazvo wekupisa kupisa, plasma cladding, deposition welding, nezvimwe. Kana tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza inoshandiswa kugadzira machira esimbi asina tsvina, iyo yepasi pretreatment process ye substrate inorema; iyo deposition welding tekinoroji inokonzeresa kupisa kwakanyanya pamusoro peiyo 321 simbi isina tsvina, zvichikonzera imwe shanduko mune substrate chimiro. Aya echinyakare ekupfekedza maitiro ane zvimwe zvipimo, senge hombe-yakakanganiswa nzvimbo yekupisa uye yakakura deformation, yakaderera geometric kurongeka, uye hurombo hwemhando yepamusoro. Maitiro echinyakare ekupfeka haachakwanisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvechikamu chepamusoro [5].

Laser cladding tekinoroji tekinoroji yekugadziridza yepamusoro inoshandisa yakakwirira-simba-density laser danda kunyungudutsa iyo yekuputira uye kuisanganisa neiyo substrate pamusoro, nekudaro ichigadzira iyo yekuvharisa layer ine chaiyo zvimiro pane substrate surface [6]. Iyo yakakwira-simba-density laser beam inotariswa pamusoro peiyo substrate zvinhu, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yenzvimbo inopisa nekukurumidza. Iyo substrate yepamusoro uye yekuputira zvinhu zvinosvika pakunyunguduka panguva imwechete kuti iite kuti igovane zvakaenzana, ichigadzira jasi rine kukwirira kupfeka kusagadzikana uye kushomeka kwekudzivirira, kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kwakanaka kwesimba ne substrate. Iyi tekinoroji yakaratidza zvakakosha zvakakosha mukuvandudza chikamu chekuita uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwebasa.

Mumakore achangopfuura, LI et al. [7] yakashandisa tekinoroji yelaser cladding kugadzira dhizaini yekupfeka nekupfeka kuramba, corrosion resistance, uye oxidation kuramba pamusoro peiyo substrate zvinhu. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti chiyero chekupfeka cheNi-based composite coatings yakadzikira uye kupfeka kuramba kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya. QI nevamwe. [8] akagadzira yakakwira kupfeka-resistant alloy coating ne laser pasi pekubatsirwa kwemagnetic field, zvichiratidza kuti laser cladding inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwe substrate. Parizvino, iyo inowanzoshandiswa cladding poda mu laser cladding tekinoroji inosanganisira Fe alloys [9], Nickel alloys [10] uye Cobalt alloys [11] [12]. Zhou Jianbo et al. [13] yakaratidza kuti laser process parameters ine mhedzisiro yakakosha pamitsipa yemukati yeNi60 / WC cladding layer, uye saizi yezviyo inowedzera nekuwedzera kwelaser simba. Huang Haibo et al. [14] akawana kuti kuburikidza nekugadzirisa uye kuongororwa kwekuongorora kweorthogonal, zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti kuoma kwakanyanya kweNi60 kupfeka kwakasvika 3.3 nguva ye45 simbi. Iyo yunifomu uye dense sangano rekugadzirisa zvinobudirira inhibit kuumbwa kwekutsemuka uye kunowedzera kusimbisa kusimba kwekuputira pane substrate. Zhao et al. [15] akawana kuti microstructure yejasi yakagadziridzwa nekuwedzera kwesimba relaser uye kutonga kwekudzika kwemhepo inopisa. Uyu murairo haungobatsiri chete kuvandudza kuwanda kwekuputira, asi zvakare kunoderedza kuumbwa kwezvimedu uye kunatsiridza simba rekusimbisa rekuputira pane substrate. Mubepa rino, mashanu-axis laser deposition additive/high-speed subtractive composite composite yekugadzira michina inogadzirwa neShandong Leishi Company inoshandiswa ku high-speed laser yakapfeka Ni60 uye WC poda pane 321 stainless steel substrate kuongorora microstructure, zvivakwa, kupfeka. chiyero uye kuora kweiyo cladding layer.

2 Miedzo

2.1 Zvishandiso zvekuyedza uye zvishandiso

Alloy 321 (UNS S32100) ititanium-stabilized austenitic stainless simbi inonyanya kukodzera nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro. Kudzivirirwa kwayo kwekuora kwakanakisa muhuwandu hwe800-1500 ° F (427-816 ° C), uye inogona kunyatso ramba intergranular corrosion inokonzerwa nekunaya kwechromium carbide. Kana ichienzaniswa ne304 uye 304L simbi isina tsvina, 321 ichiri kuchengetedza yakanaka oxidation kuramba kusvika 1500 ° F (816 ° C) uye inoratidza zvirinani zvinokambaira uye kusagadzikana kuputika zvivakwa. Mukuwedzera, iyo yakaderera-yekushisa kuoma kwe321 simbi isina tsvina zvakare yakanaka. Kuwedzerwa kwetitanium kunowedzera zvakanyanya kukwanisa kwayo kurwisa intergranular corrosion uye kunobatsira kudzivisa kuumbwa kwechromium carbide, saka inonyanya kukodzera kushandiswa pasi pekushisa kwepamusoro uye mamiriro ekudzvinyirira. Zvimiro zvemuviri zve321 simbi isina tsvina zvinoratidzwa muTafura 1.

Iyo yekuyedza substrate inoshandisa kupisa exchanger chubhu musangano unoshandiswa zvakanyanya musimba rezuva. Zvinhu zvayo 321 simbi isina tsvina uye saizi yayo i170mm×10mm×70mm. Mushonga wemakemikari unoratidzwa muTebhurari 2. Kuti udzivise simba rehutu uye kusvibiswa kwepamusoro pamigumisiro yekuedza, 600, 800, uye 1000 chinangwa Sci sandpaper inoshandiswa pakukuya uye aqua regia inoshandiswa kuchenesa nzvimbo ye substrate. kuchengetedza nzvimbo yayo yakatsetseka uye kuderedza pesvedzero chinhu. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvekupfekedza zvekupfekedza zvinhu zvinonyanya kuNi60 (saizi yepakati: 50 ~ 150μm) uye WC (saizi yechidimbu: 100-150μm) hupfu, uye maumbirwo azvo emakemikari anoratidzwa muTebhura 3. Hupfu hwekuputira hunoshandiswa ndiNi60 neWC, uye a kuyedza kwehupfu hwakasanganiswa kunodiwa kutanga.

2.2 Kusanganisa hupfu nzira yekuyedza

Shandisa musanganisi wakachinjika kuisa hupfu mumudziyo wakachinjika, wosanganisa hupfu hweNi60 nehupamhi chidimbu che0.75 uye hupfu hweWC nehupamhi chidimbu che 0.25, uye sanganisa hupfu nebanga rinomutsa. Mushure mekunge kurapwa kwehupfu kwapera, kupisa kwevheni yekuomeswa kunoiswa ku120 ℃ kwemaawa 1.5-3 kusvikira hupfu hwaoma. Chinangwa ndechekudzivirira kugoverwa kusina kuenzana kwehupfu uye pores inokonzerwa nemhepo inoputika, iyo inopesana nehutano hwekuputira. Mushure mokusanganiswa, hupfu hunoparadzaniswa kubva pamucheka unopisa kuti uwane poda yakasanganiswa ye 0.75 Ni60 uye 0.25 WC. Iyo morphology yeNi60 + 25% WC inoumbwa poda inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1.

2.3 Laser cladding yekuyedza nzira

Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza iyo HMC-320A midziyo yekuwedzera uye inobvisa laser cladding kuyedza. Iyo shanu-axis laser deposition additive / high-speed subtractive composite kugadzira michina inogadzirwa naShandong Leishi Intelligent Manufacturing Co., Ltd., inova tekinoroji yekugadzira yepamberi. Iyo mikuru ma paramita emidziyo inoratidzwa muTebhu 4. Inosanganisa laser cladding yekuwedzera kugadzirwa neyakakura-kumhanya yekucheka zvinhu kugadzira, iyo inogona kuona inoshanda uye yakakwira-chaiyo kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakaoma, uye inogona zvakare kuita yakakwirira-kumhanya laser cladding tekinoroji. Midziyo yacho ine fiber laser, kaviri-barrel gasi-inotakura poda feeder, kabati yekudzora, chiller, musoro wakavhara, nezvimwe.

Ni60/WC poda coating cladding kuyedza yakaitwa. Simba relaser rakachinja kubva kuA1 kuenda kuA5, kukurumidza kwekuongorora kwakachinja kubva kuB1 kuenda kuB5, uye chiyero chekudya chehupfu chakachinja kubva kuC1 kuenda kuC5. Simba re macroscopic morphology uye dilution rate yakaongororwa kuti isarudze iyo yakakwana yekuyedza maitiro paramita. Iwo chaiwo ekuedza paramita anoratidzwa muFigure 5 pazasi.

Mushure meyedzo yekuvharisa, sampuli yakachekwa kuita 10mm × 10mm × 10mm cubes padivi peyakatwasuka scanning nzira uchishandisa yemagetsi spark waya yekucheka mudziyo. Mushure meizvozvo, chikamu chechikamu cheiyo cladding layer chakaongororwa neX-ray diffractometer [16]. Iyo microstructure uye elemental kuumbwa kwakaongororwa nekuongorora electron microscopy uye simba dispersive spectrometer. Muedzo wekuomarara weiyo yakakwenenzverwa sampuli yemuchinjikwa chikamu yakaitwa uchishandisa TMHV-1000Z micro Vickers kuomarara tester pasi pemamiriro e0.2N mutoro uye gumi masekonzi kubata nguva. Pakupedzisira, kukwesha uye kupfeka bvunzo kwakaitwa uchishandisa MFT-10 kupfeka tester. Mienzaniso yekuedza yaisanganisira mutoro we5000N, nguva yekuedza yemaminitsi makumi maviri nemashanu, nguva yakawanda ye60 nguva / yechipiri, uye silicon nitride bhora seyo friction pair.

Chinangwa chekuedza kwe electrochemical corrosion ndeyekuongorora kuonda kwesimbi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza[17]. Muchidzidzo ichi, ma-multi-channel electrochemical workstation mudziyo wakashandiswa pakuedza. Chekutanga, saizi yesimbi ine saizi ye10mm×10mm×10mm yaitonhora-yakaiswa muepoxy resin kufumura nzvimbo ye1cm² kuti iedzwe. Muenzaniso wacho wakabatanidzwa kune electrochemical workstation kuburikidza newaya yemhangura. Muenzaniso wakashandiswa seye electrode inoshanda, saturated calomel electrode yakashandiswa seyereferensi yereferenzi, uye platinamu electrode yakashandiswa seyemagetsi counter. A 3.5% NaCl mhinduro yakashandiswa se electrolyte mukuedza.

Iyo AC impedance bvunzo yakaiswa kune AC amplitude ye10mV, uye bvunzo frequency renji yaive 100Hz kusvika 100kHz. Kumhanyisa kwekuongorora kweiyo dynamic potentiodynamic polarization curve test yakaiswa ku4mV/s, uye mukana wekuti ungangove -0.5V kusvika -1.5V. Kuburikidza nemiedzo iyi, iyo impedance frequency uye dynamic potentiodynamic scanning data ye321 stainless steel yakayerwa uye yakaongororwa kuti itevedzere zvakaomarara kushanda mamiriro emakanikaniti zvikamu munzvimbo inoora, zvichipa hwaro hwesainzi hwekuramba kukora kwe321 simbi isina tsvina.

3 Ongororo yeimwe-pass cladding layer

3.1 Macromorphology yeimwe-pass laser cladding

Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, iyo chaiyo gumi neshanu-pasi imwe-pass cladding maitiro ekuedza ndeaya anotevera. Iyo yekuputira pamusoro inoumbwa zvakanaka seyese. Hunhu hunogona kuratidza zvakajeka kutsvedzerera kwepamusoro, pasina kunyanya kutsemuka uye pores, zvichiratidza kuti simba relaser rinoshandiswa kune substrate nehupfu rakakodzera, chiyero chekudya chehupfu chakafanana, uye kumhanya kwekutarisa kuri pakati nepakati.

Kusarudzwa kwelaser cladding process paramita kwakakosha kune yekupedzisira yekubikira mhando, uye inobata zvakananga iyo microstructure, mechaniki zvivakwa uye hunhu hwepamusoro hweiyo cladding layer. Yakakodzera maitiro ma paramita anogona kuve nechokwadi chekufanana, density uye metallurgical bonding yejasi ne substrate, uye kudzivirira chizvarwa chekuremara senge makatsemuka uye pores. Laser simba, scanning kumhanya uye hupfu hwekudyisa mwero matatu akakosha maparamendi mukuita kwekuvhara, uye pane humwe hukama pakati peiyi paramita uye simba. Sezvinoratidzwa muformula inotevera (1): Ona fomula (1) pamufananidzo. Mufomula (1), ε inomiririra simba chairo, Q inomiririra simba relaser (W), D inomiririra dhayamita yevara (mm); v inomiririra kumhanya kwekuongorora (mm.s-1). Zvinogona kuoneka kuti iyo chaiyo simba inoenderana nelaser simba, nepo dhayamita yenzvimbo uye yekumhanyisa kumhanya inoenderana nazvo.
Iyo cladding layer inoyerwa nerubatsiro rwerenji senge vernier caliper kuenzanisa iyo cladding layer's melt upamhi Q, nyungudusa urefu L, uye kunyunguduka kudzika l, uye kukosha kwechiyero chedilution kunoongororwa zvinoenderana nechiyero chekuyeresa formula. Formula (2) ndiyo fomula yechiverengero yechiyero che dilution, uko δ ndiyo mwero wekunyungudusa, l kudzika kwekuvhara, uye L ndiko kureba kwekuputira.
Nzira yekuenzanisa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Kuwedzerwa kwepamusoro kunowanzoita kuti kuderera kwekuoma uye kusimba kwechifukidzo chekuvhara, nokuti zvikamu zvezvinhu zvepasi zvakabatanidzwa mumucheka, izvo zvingaita kuti kushaya simba kwekupfeka uye kusagadzikana kwemarara. yejasi. Pane zvinopesana, chiyero chakakodzera che dilution chinobatsira kuchengetedza kuita kwakanakisa kwejasi.

3.2 Mhedzisiro yechinhu chimwe chetatu-nhanho kuyedza pamhando yelaser cladding coating

Mifananidzo 5(a) uye 5(b) inoratidza mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwesimba relaser kubva kuA1 kuenda kuA5 pane iyo coating range uye dilution rate. Mhedzisiro yesimba relaser pane dilution rate yakakosha muiyo laser cladding process. Kuwedzera kwesimba relaser kunowedzera tembiricha yedziva yakanyungudutswa, zvichikonzera kunyungudika kwakadzika kwezvinhu zvepasi uye zvinhu zvekupfeka. Izvi zvinowanzoita kuti zvimwe zvigadziko zvibatanidzwe muiyo cladding layer, zvichibva zvawedzera mwero we dilution. Kudzora simba relaser kwakakosha kuti uwane yakaringana dilution rate. Kuiswa kwesimba kunoda kugadziridzwa mukuyedza kudzora chiyero che dilution mukati meyero inonzwisisika uchive nechokwadi chekupfeka [18]. Mufananidzo 5 (b) inoratidza kuti dilution rate inosvika pamutengo wakaderera kana simba relaser rakaiswa ku1000W.

Mifananidzo 6 (a) uye 6 (b) inoratidza mhedzisiro yeshanduko yekumhanyisa kumhanya kubva kuB1 kuenda kuB5 pane iyo yekupfeka uye chiyero che dilution. Kana iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya yadzikiswa, iyo laser danda rinogara panzvimbo imwechete kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvinozoita kuti yakanyungudutswa dziva rekudziya nguva iwedzere, kuitira kuti iyo cladding zvinhu zvinyunguduke zvakanyanya uye kuita nzvimbo yakakura yekupfekedza. Kusiyana neizvi, kana iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya ichiwedzerwa, danda relaser rinogara panzvimbo imwe neimwe kwenguva pfupi, tembiricha yakanyungudutswa yedziva haina kukwana, zvichikonzera kudzikira kunyungudika kwechinhu chakavharwa, izvo zvinoita kuti iyo yekubikira idiki. Kudzikira kumhanyisa kumhanyisa kuchaita kuti tembiricha yakanyungudutswa yedhamu iwedzere uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa kuti zviwedzere, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera mwero wekunyungudika wejasi. Muchiitiko ichi, chikamu che substrate zvinhu mu cladding layer chakakwira. Kuwedzera kumhanyisa kumhanyisa kunowanzo kudzikisa tembiricha yakanyungudutswa yedhamu, inoderedza kunyunguduka uye kusanganisa dhigirii reiyo substrate zvinhu, uye nekudaro kunoderedza mwero wekunyungudika, zvichiita kuti kuumbwa kuswedere kune yakavharwa zvinhu pachayo [19]. Figure 6(b) inoratidza kuti dilution rate inosvika pahushoma kukosha kana scanning iri 10 mm/s.

Mifananidzo 7 (a) uye 7 (b) inoratidza kushanda kwekuchinja kwehupfu hwekudya kubva kuC1 kusvika kuC5 pahukuru hwekuputira uye dilution rate. Kuwedzera kwehupfu hwekudya kwehupfu kunoguma nekudzikira kwekudzika kwedziva rakanyungudutswa uye kuwedzera kwehurefu hwehuputi. Kana huwandu hwekudyisa hupfu hunowedzera, zvinhu zvakawanda zvekuputira zvinoiswa mudziva rakanyungudutswa. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera kwehuputi hwekuvhara uye nekudaro kuwedzera kwekukura kwekuputira. Huwandu hwehupfu hwekudyisa hunobatsira kuumba yakakora, kunyanya mune laser cladding process, uko iyo yakawedzera huwandu hwezvinhu inogona kunyatso kuzadza dziva rakanyungudutswa. Kusiyana neizvi, mwero wekudya wehupfu wakaderera unokonzeresa kusakwana kwezvinhu zvekupfeka, zvichikonzera kuderedzwa kwekukora kwehupfu uye saizi diki yekupfeka. Kuwedzera huwandu hwekudyisa hupfu kunokonzeresa kuti zvinhu zvekuvharisa zvitore chikamu chakakura mudziva rakanyungudutswa, izvo zvinogona kuderedza dhigirii rekusanganiswa kweiyo substrate zvinhu uye nekudaro zvinoderedza chiyero chekunyungudika. Nenzira iyi, kuumbwa kwejasi kunenge kuri padyo neiyo cladding zvinhu pachayo, kuvandudza kuita kwekuvhara. Huwandu hwekudyisa hupfu hwakaderera hunogona kukonzera kuti substrate itore chikamu chikuru mudziva rakanyungudutswa, zvichibva zvawedzera mwero wekunyungudika. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kudzikira kwekuita kwekuvhara nekuti kuumbwa kweiyo substrate zvinhu kunogona kuderedza hunhu hweiyo cladding layer. Mufananidzo 7(b) unoratidza kuti dilution rate inosvika padiki apo hupfu hwekudya huri 3.5 g·min-1.

Muchidimbu, zvakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvitatu zvesimba relaser, kumhanya kwekutarisa uye chiyero chekudyisa hupfu izvo zvinokanganisa chiyero che dilution, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti A2, B3, uye C4 ndiwo akakwana maparamita egumi neshanu akakwira-kumhanya laser cladding maitiro A1. -C5, ine laser power ye1000w, scanning speed ye10mm / s, uye hupfu hwekudya hupfu hwe3.5 g·min-1.

3.3 Microhardness kuongororwa

Mufananidzo 8 unoratidza kugovaniswa kweiyo microhardness pamwe nekudzika kwakadzika kutungamira kwechikamu che substrate pasi peiyo yakakwana maitiro paramita yeA2. Kuti udzivise pesvedzero yekuremara, chinhambwe chiri pakati pemaindentation maviri akaiswa ku100μm. Kuomarara kwenzvimbo yekupisa yakakanganiswa (HAZ) kunowanzo kuderera pane iyo yekuvharira layer nekuti iyo substrate zvinhu inosangana nechikamu shanduko kana zviyo kunyura pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehudiki hwayo. Kuoma kwenzvimbo yakakanganiswa nekupisa kune hukama nekuumbwa, mamiriro ekurapa kupisa, uye kutonhora kweiyo substrate zvinhu. Iyo microstructure yenzvimbo yakakanganiswa nekupisa inogona kuchinja nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya, sekukura kwezviyo, shanduko yechikamu, uye kuumbwa kwemvura. Idzi shanduko dzichakanganisa zvakananga ma mechanical properties, kusanganisira kuoma. Thermal cycles panguva yelaser cladding inogona kukonzera kusara kunetseka munzvimbo yakakanganiswa nekupisa, iyo inogonawo kuve nemhedzisiro isina kunanga pane microhardness yechinhu. Kunyanya kusara kushushikana kunogona kukonzera kuoma shanduko mune izvo zvinhu paiyo microscale. Kuomarara kwepamusoro kukosha kwejasi kwakasvika 608HV0.2, inova inopeta 1.91 kuoma kwe substrate[20].

3.4 Microstructure

Iyo microstructure yelaser cladding coatings inowanzo umbwa nezvikamu zvakawanda uye inoratidza yakanaka dendritic crystal chimiro. Munguva yekuputira, kukurumidza kutonhora kwekukurumidza kunotungamira mukuumbwa kwezviyo zvakanaka, izvo zvinogoverwa zvakaenzana panguva yekupfeka. Zvikamu zvakasiyana zvinogonawo kuoneka mukuputira, senge yekusimbisa chikamu uye matrix chikamu, icho chinosimudzira ma mechanic zvimiro zvejasi. Mukuwedzera, iyo microstructure yenzvimbo yekubatanidza inowanzoratidza hukama hwakanaka, kuderedza kukanganisa pakati pekuputira uye substrate, nekudaro kunatsiridza kupfeka kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana kwemarara. Iyo cladding layer muMufananidzo 9 inoratidza yakajairika dendrite chimiro. Nekuda kwehukuru hwekusangana kwemusoro welaser pazasi, kristaro inokura zvakanyanya padivi pekuyerera kwekupisa, ichigadzira yakaomesesa uye yakarairwa chimiro. Pakati pepakati, ma dendrites anonyanya kuoneka uye morphology inonyanya kukosha, iyo inoratidza kuti kutonhora kwepakati kwakadzika uye kutonhora kwekushisa kune mwero, izvo zvinobatsira pakukura kwakanaka kwe dendrites. Iyo diki tembiricha gradient uye yakakura undercooling munzvimbo yepamusoro inomisa kuwedzera kukura kwemadendrites, asi ichiri kuchengetedza yunifomu uye compact morphology [21].

3.5 Chikamu chekuongorora

Mufananidzo 10 unoratidza iyo XRD diffraction pateni yeNi60 + 25% cladding layer. Zvinogona kuoneka kuti WC inonyunguduka uye kuparara kuita W uye C zvinhu panguva yelaser cladding process. Shanduko mukunyungudutswa uye kuita kwecarbonization mudziva rakanyungudutswa ndeiyi: Ona mafomula (3) uye (4) mumufananidzo.

Mune XRD spectrum, hunhu hwekusiyanisa peak yeWC inofanirwa kuoneka pane chaiyo 2θ angle, kazhinji kutenderera 35 ° kusvika 40 °. Iyo diffraction peaks yeWC inoratidzwa mumufananidzo (inoratidzwa ne ▲), iyo inoratidzwa pedyo ne40 ° uye 70 °. Iyo ▲ mumufananidzo inoratidza diffraction peaks yeWC, asi mamwe mapeji ekuparadzanisa anogona kuchinja panzvimbo kana kupera simba, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuparara uye recrystallization yeWC kuumba tungsten itsva uye carbon-based compounds.

Iko kunyunguduka uye carburization reaction yeWC mudziva rakanyungudutswa inogadzira zvikamu zvakaoma seWC, W2C, W2B5, M7C3, uye M23C6, inova sosi huru yekusimudzira matrix. Imwe neimwe yekuvharira layer inonyanyo umbwa nechiratidzo λ (Fe, Ni) yakasimba mhinduro, uye yakatarisana-yakatarisana ne cubic chimiro inobatsira kunatsiridza kusaora. WC neW2C, sezvikamu zvekusimbisa zvidimbu, inogona kunyatso kuvandudza microstructure yeganda rekuvhara, inhibit dislocation slip uye kufamba kwemuganhu wezviyo, uye nokudaro kuwana kusimba kwezviyo. Kunaya kweM7C3 neM23C6 carbides kunoshanda sechipingamupinyi kudzikamisa basa remiganhu yezviyo uye kuderedza simba remuganho wezviyo, nekudaro zvinobudirira kuderedza njodzi yezviyo muganhu wekuora uye kuvandudza kuoma uye kushora kuramba kweiyo cladding layer [22].

Mufananidzo 11 unoratidza iyo EDS chinhu chepamusoro scan mhedzisiro yejasi pasi peiyo yakakwana ma parameter eiyo cladding layer. Zvinogona kuoneka zvakajeka kubva pamufananidzo kuti zvinhu zvina Fe, Co, Mo, uye Cr zvakagoverwa zvakaenzana pasina kupatsanurwa kuri pachena. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo laser cladding simba density yakakwira uye zvinhu hazvina nguva yakakwana yekupararira panguva yekupfeka; Ni, Si, Mn, Al, uye Wc vane rusarura rwakajeka. Kune rimwe divi, izvi zvinogona kunge zviri nekuti panguva yelaser cladding process, iyo yakakwira simba density inoita kuti zvinhu zvinyunguduke nekusimba nekukurumidza, uye izvo zvakaderera zvezvinhu zvinoita kuti zvivaomere kupararira zvinobudirira munguva pfupi. mhedzisiro yekugovera kwakafanana haigone kuwanikwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kusanganisa entropy yeNi, Si, Mn, Al, uye Wc yakasiyana chaizvo uye zviri nyore kuita pane tembiricha yakakwira, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kupatsanura. Nhamba huru yezvinyorwa yasvikawo mhedziso iyi [23] [24].

4 Ongororo yekupfeka kuramba uye corrosion kuita kwecladding coating

4.1 Ongororo yekukwenya uye kupfeka kuita

Muindasitiri nekugadzira, kusapfeka kwezvikamu kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Friction uye kupfeka mashandiro ekuongorora kunonyanya kusanganisira kugona kwemidziyo kuramba kupfeka panguva yekukweshana. Iyo inowanzoongororwa nema parameter akadai se friction coefficient, kupfeka vhoriyamu uye kupfeka michina. Kukura kweiyo friction coefficient inokanganisa zvakananga kushorwa kwezvinhu pane friction contact surface. Iyo yakaderera friction coefficient kazhinji inoreva mafuta ari nani uye kushomeka kwesimba. Sezvinoonekwa kubva kuMufananidzo 12 (a), mutsauko mukukweshana uye kupfeka kushanda pakati peiyo 321 Stainless simbi substrate uye Ni60 / WC coating inoshanduka nenguva. Kune 321 simbi isina tsvina, inoratidza kuchinja kukuru mukati me400 seconds, zvichiratidza kuti kupfeka kweabrasive kwakanyanyisa panguva yekumhanya-munguva, zvichiita kuti pave nenzvimbo isina kuenzana uye yakaoma uye inogara ichichinja kuramba. Mushure mekupinda munhanho yakagadzikana yekupfeka, iyo friction coefficient inodzikama panenge 0.7 ~ 0.8, iyo inoratidza kuti kupfeka kwesimbi isina tsvina substrate yakanyanya kuoma uye iyo yepamusoro yakaoma kuchengeta.
Iko friction coefficient yeNi60 / WC coating zvishoma nezvishoma yakawedzera kubva pa 0.2 kusvika ku 0.3 ~ 0.4 mumasekonzi ekutanga e200, zvichiratidza kuti nzvimbo yaro iri nyore kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yakagadzikana panguva yekumhanya-munguva, kuderedza kwekutanga kupfeka kwakanyanya. Mushure mekupinda munhanho yakagadzikana, iyo friction coefficient yejasi yakaramba iri pa 0.4 ine diki diki yekuchinja, zvichiratidza kuti kupfeka kusagadzikana kweiyo Ni60 / WC coating iri nani zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo ye321 simbi isina tsvina, uye inogona kunyatso dzikisa friction kuramba. uye kupfeka. Chiitiko ichi chinonyanya kuverengerwa kune yakanakisa metallurgical bonding yejasi, kushomeka kushoma mune microstructure, uye yunifomu kugovera kweakaoma chikamu zvikamu, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuti friction coefficient igadzikane nekukurumidza mukutanga. Mufananidzo 12 (b) unoratidza kuti mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu ekuedzwa kwekupfeka, kurasikirwa kukuru kweNi30 / WC yekuvhara ndeye 60mg, iyo inongova 2.75% yekurasikirwa kukuru kwe substrate (64mg), zvichiratidza kuti kupfeka kune zviri nani. kupfeka kuramba.

4.2 Corrosion performance analysis

Mumufananidzo 13 (a), iyo yakavhurika yedunhu inogona (OCP) curves ye substrate uye kupfeka mu 3.5wt% NaCl mhinduro inoratidzwa. Munguva yekuyedza 1200-yechipiri, iyo OCP kukosha kweiyo substrate uye coating yaiwanzo kugadzikana. Iyo yakakura kukosha kwakashata kweOCP, zviri nyore kuti coating irasike maerekitironi uye iparadze; kana tichitaura, iyo idiki kukosha kwakashata, kuderera kwemaitiro ekuora. Kufamba kwakanaka kweOCP kunoratidza kuti firimu rinodzivirira rakaumbwa pamusoro pemuenzaniso, apo kuputika kwefirimu yekudzivirira kunopindirana nekufamba kusina kunaka kweOCP. Iyo OCP ye substrate ndeye -0.47V, nepo OCP yekupfeka iri -0.38V. Iyo yakakwirira yeOCP kukosha kwejasi inoratidza kuti firimu rekudzivirira rakasimba rakaumbwa pamusoro payo. Mufananidzo 13 (b) unoratidza polarization curves ye substrate uye kupfeka. Iyo anodic polarization nzvimbo inoratidza kuvandudzwa kwakakosha mukupokana nekuora. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuti maion simbi anoshanda anoita neambient gasi kuburikidza neadsorption kuita dense inodzivirira firimu, iyo inoderedza zvakanyanya kukora.

Tafura 6 inoratidza iyo intrinsic corrosion potential (Ecorr) uye intrinsic corrosion current density (Icorr) data yakawanikwa neTafel linearization electrochemical data analysis. The intrinsic corrosion potential of 321 Stainless steel substrate is -0.754V, uye intrinsic corrosion current density is 6.77×10-7A.cm-2; the intrinsic corrosion potential of Ni60/WC coating is -0.674V, uye intrinsic corrosion current density is 4.76×10-8 A.cm-2. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kushorwa kwekudzivirira kwekuputira kwakanyanya nani kupfuura iyo ye substrate, uye chiyero chayo chekuora zvakare chakanyanya kuderera pane icho che substrate. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti iyo Ni60 / WC yekupotera inogona kunyatso kuvandudza kushorwa kweiyo substrate. Mufananidzo 13(c) ndiyo impedance arc dhayagiramu ye substrate uye iyo cladding layer. Zvinogona kuoneka kuti iyo yakakura iyo impedance arc radius, zviri nani kuramba kwecorrosion yechinhu. Mune iyo frequency renji inoratidzwa, iyo impedance arc radius yeiyo cladding layer yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo ye substrate, iyo inoratidza kuti iyo cladding layer ine nani corrosion resistance.

Mufananidzo 13 (d) inoratidza iyo impedance radiation frequency dhizaini ye substrate uye cladding layer. Mune iyo impedance frequency dhizaini, pane ingangoita mutsara inoshanda hukama pakati lg|Z| uye lg (Frequency). Iyo hombe |Z| ndiko kuti, zvishoma iyo cladding layer yakaora uye zviri nani kupikisa kwegomba. Izvo zvinogona kuoneka kubva kuBode kuti iyo impedance modulus yeiyo cladding layer yakakura kupfuura iyo ye substrate, iyo inoratidza kuti iyo yekupfekedza ine nani corrosion resistance. The phase angle of the cladding layer inosvika pakukosha kwayo mukati me-frequency range ye 100-102, uye chikamu chechikamu chechikamu chekushongedza chakakura zvakanyanya kudarika che substrate, iyo inoratidza kuti chiyero chekuora kwechifukidzo chekuvhara. kuderedzwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo Fe neNi yemukati yakakwira, uye zvinhu zveFe neNi zvine simba rekusagadzikana, izvo zvinokwanisa kudzivirira maion ari mumvura inoparadza kuti isapinde mukati mejasi. Mune ino frequency renji, iyo impedance modulus yejasi inogara yakakwira kupfuura iyo substrate, zvinoreva kuti chiyero chekuora chakadzikira zvakanyanya, uye iyo inoodza ion mumvura inoparadza yakaoma kupinda mufirimu yekupinza mukati mejasi.

Kuti utsanangure zvirinani kuita kwecorrosion kweiyo coating uye substrate, yakafanana modhi yakashandiswa kuongorora maitiro ekuora uye impedance yekupindura maitiro eiyo substrate uye cladding layer. Iyo yakaenzana yedunhu chimiro cheiyo cladding layer uye substrate inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 14. Mumuenzaniso uyu, R1 inomiririra kupikisa kweNaCl mhinduro, CPE1 inomiririra chikamu chenguva dzose che capacitance pakati pefirimu yekudzivirira uye mhinduro, uye R2 inomiririra. kushorwa kwechidziviriro chekudzivirira pane substrate pamusoro. Saizi yeR1 yakabatana neiyo conductivity ye electrolyte, uye density kana porosity ye cladding layer inokanganisawo impedance yechikamu ichi. Shanduko yeR2 inoratidza kudzivirira kweiyo cladding layer pane substrate. Iyo yakakura iyo R2, iyo yakakura yekuchaja yekufambisa kuramba uye zvirinani kuramba kwecorrosion yechinhu. Iyo paramita yeCPE1 inogona kuratidza kushata kweiyo cladding pamusoro uye yayo microstructural maitiro. Iyo CPE index inowanikwa nekukodzera inogona kushandiswa kurondedzera dhigirii reiyo isiri-yakanaka capacitance maitiro eiyo electrode pamusoro.

5 Mhedziso

Mupepa iri, Ni60/WC alloy coating yakagadzirwa na high-speed laser cladding teknolojia, uye yakaongororwa zvakadzama nemaitiro ehunhu akadai seXRD, SEM uye EDS. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuoma, kupikisa kupfeka uye kusagadzikana kwekuora kwekuvhara kwakaedzwa. Mhedziso huru ndeiyi:
1) Kuedza-chimwe chinhu chakaitwa uchishandisa nzira yekudzora shanduko yekudzidza iyo imwe-pass cladding layer. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti pamusoro peiyo cladding layer yakaratidza yunifomu yakanyungudutswa ripples isina kuremara senge makatsemuka kana pores. Kutora dilution rate uye kuoma sezviratidzo zvekupindura, zvakasanganiswa ne macroscopic morphology ye cladding layer, iyo yakakwana maitiro paramita akatemerwa: laser simba re1000W, hupfu hwekudyisa mwero we3.5g · min-1, uye scanning kumhanya kwe10mm/ s.

2) Iyo Ni60 / WC alloy coating ine yakajairwa dendritic chimiro. Hukuru hwezviyo pamusoro peiyo cladding layer idiki uye yakafanana dense; zviyo zviri pakati zvakapfuura kukura kwechipiri, zviri pakati nepakati, uye zvakagoverwa zvakaenzana; zviyo zviri pasi zvakati kurei, masero, uye akarongwa nenzira yakarongeka. Mhedzisiro yekuomarara kweyedzo inoratidza kuti iyo yakanyanya kuoma kweiyo cladding layer ndeye 608HV0.2, iyo inenge 1.91 nguva yekuoma kweiyo substrate, uye kuoma kwese kwejasi kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya. Ongororo yeXRD inoratidza kuti nhanho dzakaoma seWC, W2C, W2B5, M7C3, uye M23C6 dzinogadzirwa muchikamu chekuvhara. Kuvapo kwezvibatanidza izvi zvinobudirira kuvandudza kuoma kwekuputira.

3) Kukwizana uye kupfeka kwekuita bvunzo kunoratidza kuti friction coefficient ye substrate inenge 0.8, nepo friction coefficient ye cladding layer ingangoita 0.4. Iyo yekupfeka huwandu hweiyo cladding layer ndeye 2.75mg, iyo inenge 64% yehuwandu hwekupfeka kweiyo substrate 4.24mg, zvichiratidza kuti kupfekedzwa kwekusagadzikana kweiyo cladding layer kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinonyanya kuverengerwa kune dense dendrite chimiro uye yakaoma chikamu zvikamu mu cladding layer, izvo zvinonyatso dzikisa kupfeka.

4) Mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwe electrochemical inoratidza kuti iyo yakavhurika yedunhu inogona (OCP) ye cladding layer ndeye -0.38V, nepo OCP ye substrate iri -0.47V, iyo yakakwirira zvishoma kupfuura iyo ye substrate. Iyo yega-corrosion ikozvino density yeiyo cladding layer ndeye 4.76 × 10⁻⁸ A.cm², iyo yakanyanya kuderera pane iyo ye substrate (6.77 × 10⁻⁷ A.cm²). Iko-yega-corrosion kugona kweiyo cladding layer ndeye -0.674V, iyo yakakwirira kupfuura iyo ye substrate (-0.754V). Uye zvakare, iyo capacitance mhete radius yeiyo cladding layer yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo substrate, uye iyo impedance kukosha kweiyo cladding layer zvakare yakakwira kupfuura iyo ye substrate panguva imwecheteyo, zvichiratidza kuti corrosion resistance yeNi60/ WC alloy coating iri nani pane iyo ye substrate, iyo inobudirira inovandudza corrosion resistance ye321 simbi isina tsvina.