Njira yopangira mtanda ya orthogonal idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma multilayer ndi ma pass-multi-pass laser waya cladding pa 20 mm wandiweyani Q345B otsika mpweya zitsulo mbale, ndi macroscopic morphology, microstructure, gawo zikuchokera, microhardness ndi dzimbiri kukana kwa cladding wosanjikiza anaphunzira. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kusanjikizako komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma multi-layer ndi multipass pass laser kudzaza waya kumakhala ndi mapangidwe abwino a macroscopic ndipo palibe cholakwika chodziwikiratu monga pores ndi ming'alu; wosanjikiza wa cladding amapangidwa makamaka ndi cladding zone, malo ophatikizika, kusintha kwa gawo komwe kumakhudzidwa, malo ophatikizika ndi malo okhudzidwa ndi kutentha; kholo zinthu dongosolo makamaka ferrite ndi pearlite, ndi cladding wosanjikiza microstructure makamaka ferrite, widmanstatten ndi martensite; chifukwa cha chikoka cha microstructure ndi kukula kwa tirigu, kuuma kwa cladding wosanjikiza ndi ponseponse, ndipo pafupifupi kuuma kwa cladding wosanjikiza ndi 320.13 HV, amene ali apamwamba kuposa zinthu kholo; mu 3.5% NaCl yankho, polarization pamapindikira a cladding wosanjikiza chigawo passivation, ndi kukana dzimbiri ndi bwino kuposa zinthu makolo. Mipikisano wosanjikiza ndi multi-pass laser kudzaza mawaya kudzaza cladding ndondomeko akhoza kukwaniritsa zofunika kukonzekera zigawo cladding mu uinjiniya weniweni.
Mawu ofunika: Q345B chitsulo chochepa cha carbon; laser waya cladding; mtanda orthogonal stacking; microstructure ndi katundu

Ndi chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, dziko langa lofuna mafuta a m'nyanja ndi gasi likupitirirabe. Kuyang'ana pa kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha m'nyanja ndichofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mafakitale a mafuta a dziko langa [1-2]. Chifukwa cha zovuta zogwirira ntchito za zomangamanga zam'madzi, zimakhala zosavuta kuwonongeka kuposa momwe zimakhalira kale. Chifukwa chake, kukonza kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa zida zaumisiri zam'madzi kwakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe iyenera kuthetsedwa mwachangu [3]. Q345B chitsulo ndi otsika aloyi mkulu-mphamvu chitsulo ndi katundu wabwino mabuku ndi weldability kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu engineering ya m'madzi ndi kumanga mlatho [4].

Monga ukadaulo wapamwamba woteteza ndi kukonza zokutira, kuyika kwa laser kumapereka njira yabwino yopangira mawonekedwe apafupi ndi ukonde pakukonza mwatsatanetsatane magawo ofunikira ndikukonzekera zokutira zokhala ndi zinthu zapamwamba [5]. Panthawi yopangira ma multilayer ndi ma pass-pass cladding, madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa ma welds oyandikana amaphatikizana, kupanga madera omwe adutsa matenthedwe awiri kapena kuposerapo. Ma microstructure a maderawa ndi ovuta kwambiri [6], ndipo gawo la microstructure, recrystallization rate, precipitate scale ndi inclusion morphology imasintha mosalekeza panthawi yonseyi [7]. Chifukwa chake, munthawi yamitundu yambiri komanso ma pass-pass cladding, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zofooka m'dera la cladding, zomwe zimakhala zolephera pakagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, corrosion electrolytic and stress corrosion nthawi zambiri imawonedwa pafupi ndi ma welded joints of pressure vessels pakagwiritsidwe ntchito [8].

Wu et al. [9] yogwiritsidwa ntchito laser cladding luso kukonzekera mosalekeza ndi wandiweyani Mo2NiB2 cladding wosanjikiza pa chitsulo gawo lapansi. Chophimbacho chimakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu, kukana kuvala bwino komanso kukana dzimbiri, kumapangitsa kuti gawo lapansi liziyenda bwino, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zaukadaulo zam'madzi zimakhala zotetezeka komanso zokhazikika. Li et al. [10] anagwiritsa ntchito laser wire cladding kukonza zimbiri za 316L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndipo adapeza zosanjikiza zingapo zosanjikiza zingapo za 308L chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Chophimbacho chimapangidwa makamaka ndi austenite ndi ferrite yaying'ono, yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimba komanso elongation ya 548MPa ndi 40%, motero, yomwe ili pafupi ndi 86% ndi 74% ya gawo lapansi.

Mu pepala ili, laser waya cladding luso amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera Q345B laser cladding wosanjikiza ndi mtanda orthogonal stacking. Ma macroscopic morphology, microstructure, gawo, microhardness ndi corrosion resistance ya multilayer multi-pass cladding layers amawerengedwa, zomwe zimapereka maziko okonzekera pa malo a zomangamanga zapamadzi.

1 Laser wire cladding kuyesa

1.1 Zida zoyesera

Choyesera gawo lapansili ndi Q345B chitsulo cha kaboni, ndipo mawaya akutchingira ndi AFEW6-86 aloyi zitsulo waya ndi awiri a 1.2 mm. Zomwe zidapangidwa mwazinthu ziwirizi zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1.

1.2 Mipikisano wosanjikiza ndi multipass laser waya cladding ndondomeko
M'mapulogalamu enieni a uinjiniya, chogwiriracho chidzakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zamagulu osiyanasiyana panthawi yogwira ntchito, chifukwa chake mphamvu ya anisotropy iyenera kuganiziridwa. Pofuna kuchepetsa chikoka cha anisotropy, njira ya cladding wosanjikiza ikukonzekera, njira yowonjezera ya welds mu gawo lomwelo ndi yogwirizana, mayendedwe a welds mu zigawo moyandikana stacking ndi perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake, ndi zigawo ndi. orthogonal. Njira yake yodutsa-orthogonal stacking ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.

Pakuyesa kwa cladding, mpweya wotchinga ndi gasi wa argon wokhala ndi chiyero cha 99.99%. Choyamba, kuyesera kwa orthogonal kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yokha-yokha-pass cladding kuti ifufuze njira zoyenera zopangira zopangira zopangira kamodzi; ndiye, Mipikisano wosanjikiza single-chiphaso stacking njira anagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphunzira chikoka chokweza kutalika pakati pa zigawo pa kuwotcherera kupanga khalidwe, ndi Mipikisano wosanjikiza single-pass weld ndi wosanjikiza cladding wosanjikiza ndi zabwino kupanga zotsatira anapezedwa. Pamaziko a pamwambawa, chikoka cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimangokhalirana pa kupanga khalidwe la cladding wosanjikiza anaphunziridwa, ndipo anapeza kuti pamene alipo mlingo anali 40%, kutalika pakati pa aliyense chiphaso cha cladding wosanjikiza anali yunifolomu, mawonekedwe apamwamba anali athyathyathya, ndipo mgwirizano wazitsulo pakati pa chiphaso chilichonse chinali champhamvu kwambiri. Kutalika kokweza pakati pa zigawo zoyesera ndi 0.8 mm pagawo lililonse la magawo awiri oyamba ndi 0.7 mm pagawo lililonse lotsatira. Zoyeserera zenizeni zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2.

1.3 Kusanthula ndi kuyesa njira ya cladding layer
Kudula kwawaya kunagwiritsidwa ntchito podula zitsanzo za metallographic kuchokera pagawo lokonzekera lamitundu yambiri komanso ma pass-pass cladding. Chitsanzo chapamwamba chinali pansi pambuyo pophatikizidwa ndi epoxy resin kutentha kwa firiji. Sandpaper ya roughness yosiyana idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupukuta mpaka palibe zotsalira zomwe zidatsala. Kenako, chitsanzo anali opukutidwa ndi makina kupukuta kupeza metallographic chitsanzo mtanda gawo ndi kalilole kwenikweni. Chitsanzo anali dzimbiri ndi 4% nitric asidi mowa njira etch out looneka cladding wosanjikiza mawonekedwe, rinsed ndi mowa ndi kuwombeza youma, ndi microstructure wa chitsanzo ankaona ndi microscope metallographic; kamangidwe ka gawo ndi kusinthika kwa kusanjikiza kwa cladding kunayesedwa ndikuwunikidwa mumitundu ya 30 ° ~ 100 ° pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa X-ray diffraction; kusanthula kwazinthu zamakina pagawo la cladding kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito spectrometer yamphamvu; microhardness ya madera osiyanasiyana a cladding wosanjikiza mtanda gawo anayesedwa ntchito HVS-1000Z Vickers kuuma tester; ma polarization curves ndi mawonekedwe a impedance ya cladding layer ndi zinthu za makolo zidayesedwa mu 3.5% NaCl solution pogwiritsa ntchito VersaSTAT 3F electrochemical workstation yokhala ndi saturated calomel electrode monga ma elekitirodi owerengera ndi ma elekitirodi a platinamu ngati ma elekitirodi othandizira, komanso kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri. anafaniziridwa ndi kufufuzidwa.

2 Zotsatira zoyeserera ndi kusanthula
2.1 Kusanthula kwa macromorphology kwa wosanjikiza wa cladding
Chophimba chodzaza ndi mawaya a laser chinakonzedwa ndi kuyesa kwa 29 (kutalika) × 15 (m'lifupi) × 12 zigawo (kutalika). Chovala chotchinga chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino, osalala pamwamba, opanda zopindika zazikulu monga ming'alu ndi kusanja, komanso kutalika kowoneka bwino. The macroscopic morphology wa cladding wosanjikiza akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 2. Pa Mipikisano wosanjikiza Mipikisano pass laser waya cladding kuyesera, ndondomeko cladding wa wosanjikiza otsiriza adzatulutsa anachita remelting pa yapita cladding wosanjikiza, kuchititsa otaya pansi pa. m'mphepete mwa cladding layer. Pa nthawi yomweyi, panthawi ya ndondomeko ya cladding, chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwina pa chiyambi ndi mapeto a malangizo a kuwala kwa laser, kutalika kwa m'mphepete mwa nsaluyo kudzakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa gawo lapakati.

Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amtundu wamitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya laser. Palibe zolakwika monga pores, ming'alu ndi inclusions zomwe zinapezeka. Mgwirizano wandiweyani wazitsulo unapangidwa pakati pa zitsulo zophimba ndi zinthu zoyambira. Panali utali wowonekera wowoneka bwino, ndipo makulidwe a wosanjikizawo anali 11.5 mm.

2.2 Kusanthula kwa Microstructure kwa cladding layer
Kuziziritsa kwa dziwe lowotcherera ndi njira yosinthira gawo, ndipo kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa gawo kumadalira kapangidwe kake ndi kuzizira kwachitsulo chowotcherera [11]. Mipangidwe yaying'ono ya gawo lililonse la chigawo cha cladding idawonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito microscope ya metallographic, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4. Zosanjikizazo zikuphatikiza chigawo chotchinga (malo otchingidwa, CZ), malo ophatikizika (ovelapped zone, OZ), gawo. chigawo chokhudzidwa ndi kusintha (gawo lokhudzidwa ndi kusintha, PAZ), malo osakanikirana (zone yosakanikirana, FZ), malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha (malo okhudzidwa ndi kutentha, HAZ) ndi chitsulo choyambira (base metal, BM) [12]. M'munsi zitsulo microstructure makamaka wapangidwa ferrite ndi pang'ono pearlite. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe Mn anawonjezera ku chitsulo cha Q345B sichimangokhala ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa kwambiri pa ferrite, komanso imachepetsa kutentha kwa kusintha kwamphamvu-brittleness, kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa pearlite, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya pearlite.

Chithunzi 4 (a) chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a malo otchinga mkati mwa chiwombankhanga, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi lath ndi singano ferrite, widmanstatten ndi pang'ono lath martensite. Chifukwa cha zigawo zosiyanasiyana, aliyense cladding wosanjikiza adzatulutsa tempering zotsatira pa wosanjikiza yapita, kuchititsa yunifolomu kuyeretsedwa kwa tirigu ndi malire ambewu; Zithunzi 4 (b) ndi (b-1) zimasonyeza microstructure ya malo osakanikirana, omwe amapangidwa ndi ferrite ndi widmanstatten ndi kugawa kwambewu kosiyana; Chithunzi 4 (d) chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a malo ophatikizika a ma welds awiri mkati mwa wosanjikiza. Malo owala pachithunzichi ndi mzere wosakanikirana pakati pa ma welds awiri. Panthawi yozizira, dziwe losungunuka lidzapanga columnar ferrite motsatira njira yoziziritsira kutentha. Choncho, derali makamaka limapangidwa ndi columnar ferrite ndi pearlite pang'ono, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4 (d-1). Chifukwa cha kutenthedwa kwapawiri, malo ophatikizika amakhala ndi kukonzanso kwambewu; Chithunzi 4 (d-2) ndi gawo la kusintha kwa gawo lomwe lakhudzidwa, lomwe makamaka limapangidwa ndi ferrite ndi Widmanstatten. Chifukwa cha chikoka cha kutentha kwa gawo, kukula kwa mbewu za derali kumakhala kokulirapo pang'ono kuposa komwe kumadutsana; Chithunzi 4 (e-1) ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Panthawi yowotcherera, malo ocheperako amatha kutenthedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malowa azikhala oyeretsedwa komanso yunifolomu yogawa mbewu. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi ferrite yabwino komanso pearlite pang'ono. Fine-grained ferrite ndi chinthu chosinthika pakati pa ferrite ndi bainite. Ndiwothandiza microstructure mu kuwotcherera metallurgical ndondomeko [11].

Chithunzi 5 ndi microstructure ya wosanjikiza womaliza. Chosanjikiza ichi sichimatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwachiwiri kwa laser. Poyerekeza ndi zigawo zina, imatha kukhalabe ndi mawonekedwe oyambira. Kukula kwake kwambewu ndi kofanana ndipo kapangidwe kake ndi kowuma. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi ferrite, Widmanstatten ndi lath martensite.

2.3 XRD ndi EDS kusanthula kwa cladding wosanjikiza
Pofuna kusanthula gawo zikuchokera laser cladding wosanjikiza, chitsanzo ndi kukula 10 × 10 mamilimita × 8 mamilimita anadulidwa ndi waya kudula, ndi X-ray diffraction mayeso kusanthula zinachitika pambuyo akupera ndi kupukuta. Chithunzi 6 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a XRD a multilayer multi-pass laser cladding layer ndi zinthu za makolo. Kuphatikiza zotsatira za microstructure ndi XRD spectrum, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti chigawo cha cladding chimapangidwa makamaka ndi ferrite yambiri, gawo la martensite ndi widmanstattenite, ndipo palibe magawo ena owopsa omwe amawoneka. Popeza columnar ferrite idzapangidwa mu njira yozizira ya laser cladding dziwe wosungunula, wosanjikiza cladding ali kuchuluka ferrite. Pamene kutentha kwa laser kumakhala kwakukulu panthawi yowotcherera, microstructure ya cladding wosanjikiza idzafika pamlingo wina, ndipo kukula kwambewu kumawonjezeka. Panthawiyi, mawonekedwewo adzawoneka atatenthedwa kwambiri ndi widmanstattenite ndi lath martensite, ndipo mapangidwe awiriwa akugwedezeka.

Kapangidwe kakemidwe kanawunikidwa ndi kusanthula mfundo pamalo osiyanasiyana a gawo la mtanda. Malo owunikira mfundo akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 7, ndipo zotsatira za kusanthula kwa EDS za madera osiyanasiyana zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu za Cr ndi Ni mu waya wowotcherera, Cr ndi Ni zomwe zili mu cladding layer ndizofunika kwambiri. apamwamba kuposa zinthu za makolo, kupangitsa kukana dzimbiri kwa cladding wosanjikiza bwino kuposa zinthu kholo.

2.4 Kusanthula kwa Microhardness kwa wosanjikiza wa cladding
The microhardness wa chitsanzo anayesedwa. Pakuyesa, katunduyo anali 1000 g, nthawi yogwira inali 10 s, njira yoyezera inali motsatira njira yochokera kuzinthu za makolo kupita kumalo otchinga, ndipo nthawi yapakati pazigawo ziwiri zoyandikana ndi 1 mm. Kugawa kwa microhardness kuchokera kuzinthu zamakolo kupita kumalo otchinga kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 8. Pafupifupi microhardness ya zinthu za makolo ndi 172.02 HV, ndipo pafupifupi microhardness ya cladding wosanjikiza ndi 320.13 HV. The microstructure ya otsiriza cladding wosanjikiza ali wambirimbiri ferrite, widmanstattenite ndi pang'ono lath martensite ndi pearlite. Mtengo wa kuuma kwa dera la microstructure ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, womwe ndi 325.92HV. Pafupifupi kuuma kwa cladding wosanjikiza ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zinthu kholo, kukwaniritsa zofunika kukonza mphamvu. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 8, kuuma kwa malo otchinga nthawi zambiri kumagawidwa mofanana. Izi ndichifukwa choti pakudzaza waya wamitundu yambiri komanso ma-pass-pass laser, wosanjikiza uliwonse wa cladding umakhala ndi kutentha kwapambuyo pagawo lapitalo panthawi yopanga, komanso kutenthetsa pagawo lotsatira. Chophimba chomaliza chimakhala ndi kutentha kwa preheating popanda kutentha kwapambuyo, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukonzanso kwambewu yunifolomu ndikuwongolera kwambiri kuuma.

2.5 Kuwunika kwa kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa wosanjikiza wa cladding
Ambiri zitsulo dzimbiri ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a electrochemical dzimbiri, ndi njira dzimbiri limodzi ndi m'badwo wa panopa, monga batire yaikulu [13-14]. Pofuna kuyesa mphamvu ya electrochemical corrosion ya multilayer ndi multi-pass cladding layer, chitsanzocho chinayikidwa mu njira ya 3.5% ya NaCl kuti ayese Tafel polarization curve ndi impedance spectrum.

Ma polarization curves a cladding layer and the base base akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 9. Zitha kuwoneka kuti polarization curve ya cladding layer ili ndi dera losanjikiza, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti filimu wandiweyani ya oxide imapangidwa pamwamba pa nsonga yotchinga panthawi. njira ya dzimbiri. Zinthu monga Cr, Ni, ndi Si mufilimu ya oxide zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa passivation, kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa ayoni, ndikuwongolera kukana kwa dzimbiri. The kudzikonda dzimbiri kuthekera Ecorr ndi kudziona dzimbiri panopa kachulukidwe Icorr wa cladding wosanjikiza ndi zinthu m'munsi anapezedwa ndi deta koyenera, monga taonera Table 4. The kudzikonda dzimbiri kuthekera Ecorr wa zitsulo mu njira electrolyte zimasonyeza kumvetsa kwake kwa dzimbiri ndi chizindikiro cha kukana zakuthupi ku dzimbiri electrochemical. Zing'onozing'ono zomwe zingathe kudziwononga, zimakhala zosavuta kuti zitsulo ziwonongeke ma elekitironi ndipo zimakhala zofooka kuti zisawonongeke; kukula kwa mphamvu yodziwononga yokha, kumakhala kovuta kuti chitsulo chiwonongeke ma elekitironi ndi mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi dzimbiri[14]. Monga momwe tawonera mu Table 4, mphamvu yodzipangira yokhayokhayokha ndi yokwera kwambiri kuposa yazitsulo zoyambira, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti chiwombankhangacho chimakhala ndi kukana kwamphamvu kwa dzimbiri. The self-corrosion current density Icorr ikufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri. Kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri, m'pamenenso zimawononga kwambiri zinthu komanso zimachititsa kuti dzimbiri zisamawonongeke. Monga momwe zikuwonekera kuchokera muzolemba mu Table 4, kudzidzimutsa kwamakono kwa zinthu zoyambira ndikwambiri kuposa kusanjikiza kwa cladding, kusonyeza kuti kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthu zoyambira kumakhala koyipa. Choncho, poyerekezera kukula kwa mphamvu yodzipangira yokha komanso kudzipangira nokha, tingathe kunena kuti kukana kwa chiwombankhanga cha cladding wosanjikiza ndi bwino kuposa zinthu zoyambira.

Zosanjikiza zotchingira ndi zinthu zoyambira zidayesedwa ndi mawonekedwe a impedance (EIS), ndipo mawonekedwe a impedance spectrum a Nyquist a zitsanzo ziwirizi akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10. Z' ndi Z” ndi mbali zenizeni komanso zongoyerekeza za kuyesedwa kwa Z, motsatana. . Zosanjikiza zonse ziwiri ndi zinthu zoyambira zimapereka mawonekedwe amodzi a capacitive arc. Kukula kwa ma capacitive arc radius, kumapangitsanso kulephera kwathunthu kwachitsanzo komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 10, capacitive arc radius ya cladding layer ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya maziko. Chifukwa chake, kukana kwa polarization kwa gawo la cladding ndikokulirapo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa mbande kumakhala kocheperako ndipo kukana kwa dzimbiri kumakhala kolimba, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira za curve yamphamvu ya polarization.

Mwachidule, kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa wosanjikiza wa cladding ndikwabwino kuposa zakuthupi zoyambira. Choyamba, zida zomangira zimagwiritsa ntchito waya wowotcherera wa AFEW6-86, womwe uli ndi Cr ndi Ni wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zinthu zoyambira, kotero kuti wosanjikizawo amakhala ndi kukana kwa okosijeni wapamwamba komanso kukana dzimbiri. M'malo owononga, Cr ikakumana ndi zinthu za O, filimu yosagwirizana ndi oxide imapangidwa pamwamba, yomwe idzalekanitsa chitsulo pamwamba pa zowonongeka, kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa anode, ndi kuchepetsa kusungunuka. kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zotchingira, motero kumathandizira kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa wosanjikiza. Kukana kwa dzimbiri kumakhala bwino [15-16]. Chifukwa chachiwiri ndichakuti kugawa kwakukula kwambewu mu gawo la cladding kumakhala kofanana kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kutentha.

3 Mapeto
(1) Chophimba chotchinga chomwe chimapezedwa ndi ma multilayer ndi ma pass-multi-pass laser waya kuwotcherera ndondomeko ali ndi mapangidwe abwino a macroscopic, palibe cholakwika chodziwikiratu monga pores ndi ming'alu, ndipo mgwirizano wabwino wazitsulo umapangidwa pakati pa nsalu zotchinga ndi zinthu za makolo. Pali mulu wowongoka wofunikira, ndipo makulidwe a wosanjikiza ndi 11.5mm.
(2) Chophimbacho chimapangidwa makamaka ndi ferrite, widmanstatten ndi lath martensite. Zomwe zili mu Cr ndi Ni zomwe zili muzotchinga ndizokwera kuposa zomwe zili muzinthu za makolo. Zinthu za Cr ndi Ni zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa filimu ya passivation, kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa ayoni, ndikuwongolera kukana kwa okosijeni ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa wosanjikiza. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa kutentha, kugawanika kwa mbeu mu chipinda cha cladding kumakhala kofanana kwambiri, kotero kuti kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa denga kumakhala bwino kusiyana ndi zinthu za makolo.
(3) The pafupifupi kuuma zinthu kholo ndi 172.02HV, ndipo pafupifupi kuuma kwa cladding wosanjikiza ndi 320.13HV, kuuma kwa cladding wosanjikiza ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zinthu kholo. Chifukwa cha chikoka cha microstructure ndi kukula kwa tirigu, kuuma kwa dera la cladding kumawonetsa kugawa kofanana ndi gawo lonse.