Pomanga zombo zapamadzi, chitsulo cha babbitt chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumitundu yonse ya mapilo pazombo. Mu kukonza sitima, kuti apititse patsogolo mobwerezabwereza mlingo magwiritsidwe ntchito babbitt zitsulo pilo ndi kuchepetsa likulu ndi nthawi ya outsourcing recasting, malinga ndi zinachitikira zothandiza kukonza babbitt zitsulo pilo m'mbuyomu zaka zoposa 30, ya teknoloji kukonza kuwotcherera. wa babbitt zitsulo ndi mkulu oyenerera mlingo ndi mwachidule.

1 Introduction

Zida zambiri zozungulira m'sitima zimadalira kuthandizira kwa ma bearings osiyanasiyana ndi kudzoza kwa mayendedwe popaka mafuta kuti agwire ntchito. Mtsinje wapakati wa mchira wa ngalawayo, ndodo yolumikizira ya injini yaikulu, bushing la jenereta, ndi zina zotero, zonse zimapangidwa ndi alloy Babbitt. Chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kapena kulephera kwa kayendedwe ka mafuta panthawi yogwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, alloy ya Babbitt pa tchire imang'ambika, ndipo imachititsa kuti alloy a Babbitt agwe ndikuwotcha. Choncho, kuponyera ndi kukonza kuwotcherera nthawi zambiri ntchito kukonza. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momwe ukadaulo wowongolera welding wa TIG umathandizira pazitsamba zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka.

2 Chiyambi cha Babbitt Alloy

2.1 Makhalidwe a Babbitt Alloy

Babbitt alloy imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kuyika bwino, kutsata mikangano komanso kukana kwa shaft. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timagawidwa mofanana mu gawo lofewa masanjidwewo. Mtundu wofewa wa matrix umapatsa aloyi kuyika bwino, kutsata komanso anti-bite properties. Pambuyo pothamanga, matrix ofewa amakhala opindika ndipo mfundo zolimba zimakhala zowoneka bwino, kotero kuti mpata wawung'ono umapangidwa pakati pa malo otsetsereka kuti ukhale malo osungira mafuta ndi njira yamafuta opaka mafuta, yomwe imathandizira kuchepetsa kuvala; ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolimba timakhala ndi gawo lothandizira, lomwe limathandizira kubereka.

2.2 Ambiri ntchito babbitt aloyi zitsanzo

Zambiri mwazitsulo zapakatikati zokhala ndi mchira wa sitimayo, ma injini akuluakulu olumikiza ndodo ndi ma jenereta amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya aloyi a babbitt, omwe ndi ZSnSb11Cu6 ndi ZSnSb8Cu4, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Table 1.

2.3 Zowonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitundu ya aloyi a babbitt

Mitundu yayikulu yowononga ya ngalawayo yapakatikati yokhala ndi bushing (babbitt alloy) ndi motere:

(1) Chilema cha m'deralo kapena kuvala

Chifukwa chakugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kwa bushing, wosanjikiza wa alloy wa babbitt pa tchire amavala ndikuchotsedwa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1.

(2) Kuthyoka kwathunthu kapena kuchepetsedwa

Ngati njira yoperekera mafuta ikulephera, kuyaka kudzachitika, ndipo mayendedwe onse apamwamba ndi apansi adzawotchedwa ndi kusweka, makamaka kutsika kwapansi, kumene Babbitt alloy layer idzadetsedwa. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kotereku sikungathe kukonzedwa ndi kuwotcherera, ndipo kumafunika kukonzedwanso ndi kubwezeretsanso.

3 Zida ndi kuwotcherera makhalidwe a Babbitt aloyi

Babbitt alloy ndi zitsulo zofewa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa ndi kukonzanso ndi kuwotcherera. Popeza alloy ya Babbitt imakhala ndi malo osungunuka otsika (240 ° C) komanso madzi amadzimadzi amphamvu, madzi a malata mu dziwe losungunuka ndi ovuta kutayika, choncho ndizovuta kuponyera kapena kuwotcherera. Kupyolera mukuchita mosalekeza, njira zatsopano zokonzanso ndi njira zosavuta kuposa zachikhalidwe zafufuzidwa. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa njira yokonzera kuwotcherera kwa TIG pamene kuwonongeka kuli kwakukulu.

3.1 Zinthu zakuthupi za aloyi ya Babbitt

Tin-based solder ndi solder yofewa yokhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka. Ikhoza kusungunuka pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi kuwomba, ndipo mfundo zomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kulumikizidwa. Ndi njira yoperekera mosalekeza matenthedwe ndi magetsi, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza zotengera zamadzimadzi ndi gasi, ndipo zolumikizira za solder sizimakhudzidwa kwambiri.

Soft solder iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:

(1) Kukhala ndi matenthedwe ndi magetsi;

(2) Pitirizani mphamvu yofunikira pakati pa magawo olumikizira pansipa 200 ℃;

(3) Kukhala ndi zomangira zowundana komanso kusindikiza bwino;

(4) Khalani ndi wettability wabwino pakati pa solder yofewa ndi magawo ogulitsidwa ndi zipangizo zofunika.

The matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe solder zofewa ndi osauka, kokha 8% ~ 15% yamkuwa. Komabe, palibe kutsutsa kodziwikiratu (monga kukana) pamsewu (monga dera), chifukwa njira yoyendetsera ndi yochepa ndipo malo okhudzana ndi mgwirizano wa solder ndi wamkulu.

Ubwino wa mgwirizano wa solder umadalira chikhalidwe cha pamwamba chomwe chiyenera kugulitsidwa, katundu wa solder wofewa ndi kusankha kwa flux. M'malo mwake, zimatengera kunyowetsa kwa solder yofewa yosungunuka pazitsulo zolimba kuti zigulitsidwe. Tin ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito muzinthu zambiri zofewa za solder. Imatha kunyowa ndikuphatikiza ndi zitsulo zoyambira kuti zigulitsidwe, monga Cu, Fe, Ni, ndi zina zotero, kuti apange chitsulo chochepa kwambiri chazitsulo.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa flux ndikuyeretsa pamwamba pazitsulo kuti zigulitsidwe kuti zisamakhudze kunyowa. Chigawo chachikulu cha flux ndi ZnCl2, yomwe imapanga hydrochloric acid yaulere pamaso pa madzi. Pamene soldering mkuwa, oxide wosanjikiza amasungunuka mu kloridi ndi kusiya maziko mkuwa, ndi solder sungunuka pang'onopang'ono kufalikira pa mkuwa.

3.2 Zofewa za solder ndi katundu

Soft solder nthawi zambiri imakhala aloyi ya Sn-Pb yokhala ndi eutectic 26.1% Pb komanso kutentha kwa eutectic 183 ℃, komwe kumatha kutsimikizira kutentha kocheperako ndikupewa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zomwe sizingamve kutentha.

Mukagulitsa ndi dzanja, sankhani Sn-50% Pbd alloy. Pamene kutentha kumachepa, kusungunuka kwa Sn mu Pb kumachepa, Sn imayambitsa, ndipo solder imafewetsa; mu Sn-Pb-Sb aloyi solder, mpweya wa SnSb intermetallic mankhwala ndi zoonekeratu; Sn-5% Ag ndi Sn-5% Sb aloyi sangakhoze kokha kusunga mphamvu ya solder 200 ℃, komanso kukhala ndi wettability ofanana ndi aloyi eutectic.

Kwa solder yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kochepa, ma alloys apamwamba a Pb ayenera kusankhidwa, monga Pb-10% Sn kapena Pb-5% Sn-1.5% Ag alloys. Kunyowa ndi mphamvu za alloy iyi zidzakhudzidwa, koma Sn sichidzasintha pazigawo zotentha (monga 173K), zomwe zimabweretsa kutaya kwakukulu kwa solder plasticity ndi mphamvu yamphamvu.

Mu solders izi, 0.001% Al adzachititsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ndi zotayidwa okusayidi filimu adzakhudza wettability pa mawonekedwe pakati solder madzi ndi flux; solder nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 0.1% ~ 0.5% Sb, ndipo solder yosamva zokwawa imatha kufika 5% Sb. Kuchuluka kwa antimoni (0.1% ~ 0.5%) kungapangitse kunyowa kwa Pb-Sn solder mpaka mkuwa. Kuwonjezera 0.1% ~ 0.25% Bi akhoza kuwonjezera liwiro kufalikira kwa eutectic Sn-Pb solder. Pamene Bi idutsa 0.5%, pamwamba pa solder idzasintha mtundu.

Cadmium idzachepetsa liwiro la kunyowa, ndipo filimu yake ya oxide idzadetsa pamwamba pa solder ndikuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa brazing; mkuwa umakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa kunyowa kwa solder, koma ikadutsa 0.25% Cu, idzakhudza maonekedwe a pamwamba pazitsulo chifukwa cha mapangidwe a Cu-Sn; phosphorous kuposa 0.01% P idzakhudza wettability wa solder pa mkuwa ndi otsika mpweya zitsulo; sulfure (S) amakhudza maonekedwe a brazing pamwamba, ndi S zili mu solder ndi malire mkati 0.001 5%; Zn imapangidwa ndi okosijeni mosavuta kuti ipange ma oxides, ndipo mawonekedwe a solder amawonongeka akapitilira 0.003% Zn. Choncho, zotsatira zophatikizana za zonyansa zosiyanasiyana sizingathe kuchepetsedwa ndipo ziyenera kukhala zochepa.

3.3 Zovuta pakukonza njira ya aloyi ya babbitt

M'mbuyomu, kukonza zowotcherera kunkakonzedwa makamaka ndi kuwotcherera kwachikhalidwe kapena chitsulo champhamvu chamagetsi cha chromium. Njira zokonzerazi zili ndi zolakwika izi:

(1) Kupanga waya wowotcherera

M'pofunika kupanga zopanga tokha kuwotcherera ndodo ndi ntchito mpweya-acetylene lawi mwachindunji kutentha chipika cha babbitt aloyi. Zowonongeka zake ndi: kumbali imodzi, ikatenthedwa ndi kusungunuka, madzi otsekemera amawaya omwe amatuluka amalimbitsa nthawi yomweyo, kukhala mawaya otsekemera amitundu yosiyanasiyana, okhala ndi ma diameter akuda ndi osagwirizana; Komano, chifukwa aloyi ya babbitt imatenthedwa mwachindunji ndi lawi la oxygen-acetylene, zonyansa zomwe zili mmenemo sizingachotsedwe komanso zimakhazikika mu waya wowotcherera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti waya wowotcherera ukhale wolimba kwambiri. Ndikovuta kusungunula zinthu zodzazitsa muzowotcha mphepo kapena kukonza chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri cha chromium;

(2) Kukonza zotsatira

Njira yowotcherera gasi yowotcherera ndi kukonza mayendedwe sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwotcherera: ① Gwiritsani ntchito nyali yamphepo kuti muyang'ane potengerapo. Ngakhale mphamvu yosungunuka imakwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwotcherera kukonzanso, idzawononga gawo lokhazikika loyandikana ndi thupi la kholo kapena gawo lokonzekera, ndipo gawo losungunuka ndi gawo lomwe silingathe kusungunuka; ② Gwiritsani ntchito nyali yamphepo kutenthetsa nyundo yopangidwa ndi mkuwa weniweni osawotcha, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito nyundoyo kutenthetsa powotcherera. Izi zimachotsa kutentha mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuziziritsa ndikulephera kusungunuka kuti zitheke kuwotcherera. Zimakhalanso zovuta kusungunula gawo lopiringizidwa ndi gawo lomwe silili bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri pali njira yochepetsera pamgwirizano; ③ Gwiritsani ntchito chitsulo chamagetsi cha chromium champhamvu kwambiri pakuwotcherera, kutentha kwa 500 A. Kutengera chitsulo cha electrochromium monga chitsanzo, kuwotcherera kwa pores ndi mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi makoma owonda ndikovomerezeka, koma kwa mayendedwe olimba-mipanda, kutentha sikokwanira, mphamvu yosungunuka siyingakwaniritse zofunikira zowotcherera, ndipo zolumikizira nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma undercuts.

4 Kukonza njira pogwiritsa ntchito TIG

Pakuwonongeka kwa malo ang'onoang'ono ndi zolakwika za mayendedwe a aloyi a Babbitt, njira zowotcherera zokhazikika zimaphatikizira oxyacetylene brazing ndi kuwotcherera chitsulo. Oxyacetylene brazing ndi kuwotcherera chitsulo chowotchera amakonda kutsika, kulowa kosakwanira ndi pores. Makamaka, njira ya oxyacetylene brazing operation ndi yovuta komanso yosavuta kuwononga matrix.

Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa njira yokonzera zowotcherera yosiyana kotheratu ya mayendedwe a aloyi a Babbitt. Sizosavuta kugwira ntchito, komanso sizifuna kusinthasintha, zimachepetsa kukonzanso komanso zimakhala ndi zowotcherera. Oyenerera mlingo pambuyo kukonza akhoza kufika 100%, kugonjetsa zofooka za undercuts, chosakwanira malowedwe ndi pores kuti n'zosavuta kupanga ndi oxyacetylene brazing ndi soldering chitsulo kuwotcherera, ndi moyo wa kubala pambuyo kukonza anawonjezera; itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonongeka kokulirapo pa mayendedwe a aloyi a Babbitt, kupulumutsa ndalama ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.

Kutengera zomwe zidachitika pakukonza mayendedwe a aloyi a babbitt pazaka zambiri, njira yokonzera kuwotcherera ya TIG ndiyodziwika pakati pa njira zambiri. Njira zenizeni za TIG welding babbitt alloy zimayambitsidwa motere.

4.1 Kukonzekera musanayambe kuwotcherera

(1) Kukonza waya wowotcherera

Zomwe zimapangidwira ndi babbitt alloy, chitsanzo cha ZSnSb11Cu6 ndi ZSnSb8Cu4, chomwe ndi chitsulo chofewa chokhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka.

Sankhani zinthu zofananira ndi aloyi a babbitt kuti zisungunuke (chidutswa chaching'ono) kuti mupange waya wopangira tokha. Waya wowotcherera wosungunuka mu crucible yaying'ono ndi yoyera, yomwe imatha kuchotsa zonyansa mkati ndikuchotsa zinthu zoyandama zomwe zimayimitsidwa pamwamba; pendekeka ∠ 30 × 30 × 2 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo kuti ngodya pakati pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo poyambira ndi ndege yopingasa ndi 20 ° ~ 40 °, ndiye gwiritsani ntchito supuni yaing'ono yachitsulo kutsanulira madzi osungunuka a babbitt alloy mu zosapanga dzimbiri. ngodya yachitsulo, tembenuzani chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndikusonkhanitsa waya wowotcherera womwe umagwa kuchokera pakona yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. zitsulo.

(2) Chithandizo cha kubala pamwamba

Mapiritsi omwe akhala mumafuta opaka mafuta kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala ndi mamolekyu amafuta omwe alowa m'thupi. Pakukonza zowotcherera, mafuta otulukawa amalepheretsa kuphatikizika kwazitsulo, motero amayenera kutsukidwa bwino.

Choyamba, kudziwa malo kuwotcherera kukonza ndi kuyeretsa mayendedwe ultrasonically. Ngati zinthu sizikukwaniritsidwa, gwiritsani ntchito zitsulo zoyeretsera kuti muyeretse filimu ya oxide ndi madontho amafuta pamwamba. Kenako sungani mayendedwe oyera ndipo nthawi yomweyo mukonze zowotcherera.

4.2 Njira yokonza kuwotcherera

(1) Gwiritsani ntchito kuwotcherera kwa TIG DC: gwiritsani ntchito chitetezo cha argon, kuthamanga kwa argon ndi 8 mpaka 10 L / min, ma electrode awiri ndi 3.2 mm; kapu yaing'ono yoteteza ceramic; gwiritsani ntchito chigoba cha photochromic chamutu, ndipo khalani ofatsa mukamagwira waya wowotcherera;

(2) Gwiritsani ntchito kuwotcherera lathyathyathya ndi njira kuwotcherera kumanzere: musathamangire kudzaza pansi wosanjikiza wowotcherera, choyamba yambani arc mu malo owotcherera, chifukwa mayendedwe akale alowetsamo mafuta ambiri opaka pakugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo sangathe kuchotsedwa kwathunthu pambuyo poyeretsa. Pamene kuwotcherera, mobwerezabwereza yambani arc mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo mu malo owotcherera, pogwiritsa ntchito TIG Gwiritsani ntchito kuwala kwa arc kukakamiza mamolekyu amafuta mkati; ndiye gwiritsani ntchito chiguduli choyera choviikidwa mu acetone pang'ono kuti muchotse mamolekyu amafuta akuyandama pamwamba; potsiriza ntchito waya burashi kutsuka oxides akuyandama pamwamba, ndiyeno kuchita waya kudzaza kukonza kuwotcherera;

(3) Malo osungunuka a Babbitt alloy ndi ochepa. Poyambitsa arc, electrode iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi malo otsekemera, ndipo njira yosindikizira ya arc iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza alloy Babbitt m'dera lopanda kuwotcherera kuti asasungunuke; waya wowotcherera uyenera kukhala woonda momwe ungathere kuti athandizire kukakamiza kwa arc pakuwotcherera;

(4) Pamene kuwotcherera, ntchito photosensitive mitundu kusintha chigoba kudyetsa molondola waya ndi kusintha makina kuwotcherera kuchedwetsa kutseka kwa gasi; pamene arc iliyonse yowotcherera imatsekedwa, musachotse nthawi yomweyo phokosolo kuchokera kumalo otsekemera kuti mpweya wochedwa uteteze bwino malowa kuti asapangitse pores; samalani kwambiri kuti pasakhale mphepo panthawi yowotcherera, ndikuchitapo kanthu poletsa mphepo ngati kuli kofunikira;

(5) Pamwamba pa wosanjikiza wotsiriza wa weld ayenera kukhala apamwamba pang'ono kuposa pamwamba pamwamba pa kubala, ndi kulabadira kusabala undercuts ndi unfused zolakwika pa mphambano ndi pamwamba pamwamba, ndipo potsiriza kupeza yosalala kubala mwa Machining. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa malo oyambira pambuyo pa kukonza kuwotcherera kwa TIG.

5 Kukonza zotsatira

Pofuna kutsimikizira kukonzanso kwa mbande mu pepala ili, wolembayo adasankha chofananacho, ndikuchiwononga mwachisawawa ndi malo oyambira 3 c㎡ ndi kuya kwa 2 mm, kuwonongeka kwa 5 mm, cholakwika. wa 12 mm, kutayika kwa 30 mm, ndi kutayika kwa 35 mm, ndiyeno anakonza. Zotsatira za mayeso zalembedwa mu Table2.

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Table 2 kuti njira yokonzekera yobereka yachikhalidwe imangokhala kukonzanso kochepa; pamene kubala kukonza njira mu pepalali angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonzanso thicker kuonongeka aloyi babbitt, ndi makulidwe kukonza akhoza kufika 35 mm, ndi kukonzanso zotsatira ndi bwino kubala kuwonongeka osapitirira 30 mm makulidwe.

Aloyi ya Babbitt imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zombo zapamadzi, ndipo khalidwe lake limagwirizana ndi ntchito yachibadwa ya injini yaikulu ya sitimayo, jenereta ndi shaft ya mchira. Pokonza zombo, kuponyera ndi kuwotcherera kwa TIG kwa aloyi a babbitt kudzatulutsa zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Poyerekeza njira zosiyanasiyana zowotcherera zokonzera babbitt aloyi, kuwotcherera kwa TIG ndi njira yosavuta komanso yabwino kwambiri yowotcherera.