Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke keʻa no ka hana ʻana i ka multi-layer a me ka multi-pass hoʻopili uea laser ma ka 20 mm manoanoa Q345B haʻahaʻa kalapona kila pā, a me ka macroscopic morphology, microstructure, māhele haku mele, microhardness a me ka corrosion kū'ē o ka cladding papa i aʻo 'ia. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i ka ʻāpana pale i loaʻa e ka multi-layer a me ka multi-pass laser wire filling process he macroscopic maikaʻi ka hoʻokumu ʻana a ʻaʻohe hemahema e like me nā pores a me nā māwae; ʻO ka papa pale i haku nui ʻia ʻāpana pale, ʻāpana overlap, ʻāpana hoʻololi i ka pae i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻāpana hui ʻana a me ka ʻāpana wela; ʻO ka papa hana makua ka nui o ka ferrite a me ka pearlite, a ʻo ka microstructure layer cladding ka nui o ferrite, widmanstatten a me martensite; ma muli o ka mana o ka microstructure a me ka nui o ka palaoa, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻāpana pale i ka pae holoʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka awelika o ka paʻakikī o ka papa ʻaina he 320.13 HV, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea makua; i ka 3.5% NaCl solution, e hōʻike ana ke kāʻei polarization o ka ʻāpana pale i kahi ʻāina passivation, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma mua o ka mea makua. ʻO ka multi-layer a me ka multi-pass laser wire filling cladding process hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi hoʻomākaukau o nā papa cladding i ka ʻenehana maoli.
Hua'ōlelo: Q345B haʻahaʻa kalapona kila; pale uwea laser; ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke ʻaʻa; microstructure a me nā waiwai

Me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiāulu, ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o koʻu ʻāina i ka ʻaila kai a me nā kumu waiwai kinoea. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kai he pono kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻaila o koʻu ʻāina [1-2]. Ma muli o ke kaiapuni lawelawe paʻakikī o nā hale ʻenekinia moana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka poino ma mua o nā hale kuʻuna. No laila, ua lilo ka mālama ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā i nā mea ʻenehana moana i mea koʻikoʻi e pono e hoʻoponopono koke ʻia [3]. ʻO ke kila Q345B he kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa me nā waiwai piha maikaʻi a me ka weldability maikaʻi loa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka ʻenekinia moana a me ke kūkulu alahaka [4].

Ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana pale a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, hāʻawi ka laser cladding i kahi kaʻina hana kokoke i ka upena no ka hoʻoponopono kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā uhi me nā waiwai waiwai holomua [5]. I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka multi-pass, ʻo nā ʻāpana wela o nā welds e pili ana i uhi ʻia, e hana ana i nā wahi i loaʻa i ʻelua a ʻoi aku ka wela. ʻO ka microstructure o kēia mau wahi he mea paʻakikī loa [6], a ʻo ka microstructure composition phase, recrystallization rate, precipitate scale a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka morphology e hoʻololi mau i ke kaʻina hana [7]. No laila, i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻapaʻa multi-layer a me ka multi-pass cladding, he mau wahi nāwaliwali i loko o ka ʻāpana pale, hiki ke hāʻule i ka wā hoʻohana. No ka laʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka ʻino electrolytic a me ke koʻikoʻi ma kahi kokoke i nā hui welded o nā moku kaomi i ka wā e hoʻohana ai [8].

ʻO Wu et al. [9] hoʻohana ʻia ʻenehana pale laser e hoʻomākaukau i kahi papa hoʻopaʻa paʻa Mo2NiB2 mau a paʻa ma luna o kahi substrate kila. He kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī o ka uhi, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o ka substrate, a hōʻoia i ka lawelawe palekana a paʻa o nā lako ʻenehana moana. Li et al. [10] hoʻohana i ka ʻili uwea laser no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻino o 316L ʻili kila kuhili ʻole a loaʻa i kahi ʻāpana multi-pass cladding layer o 308L stainless steel. ʻO ka uhi ka mea nui i haku ʻia me ka austenite a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka ferrite, me ka ikaika tensile a me ka elongation o 548MPa a me 40%, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 86% a me 74% o ka substrate.

Ma keia pepa, ʻenehana pale uea laser hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i ka papa hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka laser Q345B ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka orthogonal. ʻO ka macroscopic morphology, microstructure, phase composition, microhardness a me ka corrosion resistance o ka multi-layer multi-pass cladding layer e aʻo ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i kumu no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hale ʻenekinia moana.

1 Hoʻokolohua hoʻopaʻa uea laser

1.1 Mea hoʻokolohua

ʻO ka mea hoʻokolohua substrate ʻo Q345B carbon steel, a ʻo ka mea hoʻopili uea ʻo AFEW6-86 alloy steel wire me ke anawaena o 1.2 mm. Hōʻike ʻia nā haku mele ʻelua ma ka Papa 1.

1.2 Ke kaʻina hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka uea laser multi-layer a multi-pass
Ma nā noi ʻenehana maoli, e hoʻopili ʻia ka mea hana e nā ikaika ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole i ka wā o ka hana, no laila pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka mana o anisotropy. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka mana o ka anisotropy, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke ala o ka papa pale, ʻo ke kuhikuhi additive o nā welds i ka papa hoʻokahi e kūlike, nā kuhikuhi o nā welds i nā papa hoʻopaʻa pili e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, a ʻo nā ʻāpana. ʻoʻoleʻa. Hōʻike ʻia kona ala hoʻopaʻa cross-orthogonal ma ke Kiʻi 1.

I ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua cladding, ʻo ke kinoea pale he kinoea argon maʻemaʻe me ka maʻemaʻe kinoea o 99.99%. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua orthogonal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻopaʻa paʻa hoʻokahi-papa hoʻokahi no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana maikaʻi loa no ka pale hoʻokahi-pass; a laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka multi-layer single-pass stacking no ke aʻo ʻana i ka mana o ke kiʻekiʻe hāpai ma waena o nā papa ma ka weld forming quality, a ua loaʻa kahi weld multi-layer single-pass weld me kahi papa pale pololei a me ka hopena hana maikaʻi. Ma ke kumu o ka mea i luna, ua aʻo ʻia ka mana o nā ʻano overlap like ʻole i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻāpana pale, a ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka overlap rate he 40%, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o kēlā me kēia kaʻa o ka papa pale i ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻili he ʻano palahalaha, a ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metallurgical ma waena o kēlā me kēia pass ka ikaika loa. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe hāpai ma waena o nā papa hoʻokolohua he 0.8 mm no kēlā me kēia o nā papa mua ʻelua a me 0.7 mm no kēlā me kēia papa ma hope. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻokolohua kikoʻī ma ka Papa 2.

1.3 Ka nānā 'ana a me ka ho'ā'o 'ana o ka papa pale
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻoki uea e ʻoki i nā laʻana metallographic mai ka papa hoʻopaʻa paʻa i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili o ka laʻana ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana me ka resin epoxy i ka mahana wela. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pepa liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a ʻaʻohe ʻōpala i koe. A laila, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka laʻana me ka mīkini polishing e kiʻi i kahi ʻāpana keʻa metallographic me ka hopena aniani. Ua ʻānai ʻia ka hāpana me 4% nitric acid alcohol solution e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i waho o ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa uhi ʻike ʻia, holoi ʻia me ka waiʻona a puhi ʻia a maloʻo, a nānā ʻia ka microstructure o ka hāpana me kahi microscope metallographic; ua nānā ʻia a nānā ʻia ke ʻano o ka papa hana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka papa cladding ma ka laulā o 30 ° ~ 100 ° me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana X-ray diffraction; ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrometer ikehu; ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka microhardness o nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka ʻāpana pale me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hōʻike paʻakikī HVS-1000Z Vickers; ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā pihi polarization a me nā kikoʻī impedance o ka papa pale a me nā mea makua i kahi hopena 3.5% NaCl me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana electrochemical VersaSTAT 3F me kahi electrode calomel saturated e like me ka electrode kuhikuhi a me kahi electrode platinum e like me ka electrode kōkua, a me ko lākou pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia a nānā ʻia.

2 Nā hopena hoʻokolohua a me ka nānā ʻana
2.1 Ka nānā 'ana o Macromorphology o ka papa pale
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka papa hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka uea laser e kahi hoʻokolohua cross-orthogonal stacking o 29 (lōʻihi) × 15 (ākea) × 12 papa (kiʻekiʻe). He hopena maikaʻi ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻāpana pale, he ʻili maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻohe hemahema macro e like me nā māwae a me ka unfused, a me ke kiʻekiʻe kū pololei. Hōʻike ʻia ka morphology macroscopic o ka papa pale ma ka Figure 2. I ka wā o ka multi-layer multi-pass laser wire cladding hoʻokolohua, ʻo ke kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka papa hope e hoʻohua i ka hopena remelting ma luna o ka papa pāpaʻi mua, e hopena i kahi kahe i lalo ma ka lihi o ka papa hoʻopaʻa. I ka manawa like, i ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ma muli o kekahi lohi i ka hoʻomaka a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka puka kukui laser, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaoʻao o ka papa cladding ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao waena.

Hōʻike ka Figure 3 i ka morphology cross-sectional o ka multi-layer multi-pass laser cladding layer. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hemahema e like me nā pores, nā māwae a me nā inclusions. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi paʻa metallurgical paʻa ma waena o ka metala pale a me ka mea kumu. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe kū pololei, a he 11.5 mm ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana pale.

2.2 Ke kālailai microstructure o ka papa pale
ʻO ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe he kaʻina hana hoʻololi, a ʻo ka microstructure o ka hoʻololi ʻana e pili ana i ke ʻano kemika a me nā kūlana hoʻoluʻu o ka metala weld [11]. Ua ʻike ʻia ka microstructure o kēlā me kēia wahi o ka ʻāpana pale me ka microscope metallographic, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 4. ʻO ka papa hoʻopaʻa ʻana e pili ana i ka ʻāpana pale (cladded zone, CZ), ka ʻāpana overlay (ovelapped zone, OZ), ka pae. wahi i hoʻopili ʻia (wahi i hoʻopili ʻia, PAZ), ka ʻāpana hui (kahi hui, FZ), ka ʻāpana wela (kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka wela, HAZ) a me ka metala kumu (metala kumu, BM) [12]. ʻO ka microstructure metala kumu ka nui o ka ferrite a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka pearlite. ʻO ka mea nui Mn i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kila Q345B ʻaʻole wale ka hopena hoʻoikaika nui i ka ferrite, akā e hōʻemi ana hoʻi i ka wela hoʻololi o ka paʻakikī-brittleness, hoʻonui i ka nui o ka pearlite, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o ka pearlite.

Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4 (a) i ka microstructure o ka ʻāpana pale i loko o ka ʻāpana pale, i haku ʻia me ka lath a me ka ferrite koʻikoʻi o ka nila, widmanstatten a me kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka lath martensite. Ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole, e hoʻohua mai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana pale i kahi hopena hoʻonaninani ma ka papa mua, e hopena i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me nā palena o ka palaoa; Hōʻike nā kiʻi 4 (b) a me (b-1) i ka microstructure o ka fusion area, i haku ʻia me ka ferrite a me ka widmanstatten me ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻana i ka palaoa; Hōʻike ke kiʻi 4 (d) i ka microstructure o ka ʻāpana overlap o nā welds ʻelua i loko o ka papa pale. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻālohilohi o ke kiʻi ka laina hui ma waena o nā welds ʻelua. I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoluʻu, e hana ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i ka ferrite columnar ma ke ala hoʻoheheʻe wela. No laila, ʻo kēia wahi ka nui o ka ferrite columnar a me ka pearlite liʻiliʻi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4 (d-1). Ma muli o ka hana wela ʻelua, ʻo ka ʻāpana overlap ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa; ʻO ka Figure Figure 4 (d-2) ʻo ia ka wahi i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae, ka mea nui i haku ʻia me ferrite a me Widmanstatten. Ma muli o ka hopena o ka wela hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o kēia wahi ma mua o ka ʻāpana overlap; ʻO ke kiʻi 4 (e-1) ka microstructure o ka ʻāpana wela. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻāpana haʻahaʻa, kahi e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai ke ʻano o kēia wahi a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka palaoa. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ferrite maikaʻi a me ka pearlite liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ferrite maikaʻi kahi huahana hoʻololi ma waena o ka ferrite a me ka bainite. He microstructure pono ia i ke kaʻina hana metala [11].

ʻO ke kiʻi 5 ka microstructure o ka papa pale hope. ʻAʻole pili kēia papa i ka hoʻomehana lua laser. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā papa ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke mālama i ka morphology ʻano kumu. ʻAʻole like kona nui o ka palaoa a paʻa ka hale. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ferrite, Widmanstatten a me ka lath martensite.

2.3 XRD a me EDS ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻāpana pale
No ke kālailai ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻāpana pale laser, ua ʻoki ʻia kahi laʻana me ka nui o 10 mm × 10 mm × 8 mm e ka ʻoki uea, a ua hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo hoʻāʻo X-ray ma hope o ka wili a me ka polishing. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 6 i ke kikoʻī XRD o ka papa hoʻopaʻa laser multi-pass multi-pass a me nā mea makua. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hopena microstructure a me XRD spectrum, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka papa cladding ka mea nui i haku ʻia me ka nui o ka ferrite, kahi hapa o martensite a me widmanstattenite, a ʻaʻohe hanana pōʻino ʻē aʻe. No ka mea e hoʻokumu ʻia ka ferrite columnar i ke kaʻina hoʻoluʻu o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe laser cladding, aia ka nui o ka ferrite i loko o ka papa hoʻopaʻa. Ke nui ka hoʻokomo wela o ka laser i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana kuʻi, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka microstructure o ka papa cladding i kekahi ʻano, a piʻi ka nui o ka palaoa. I kēia manawa, e ʻike ʻia ka widmanstattenite wela wela a me ka lath martensite, a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hale ʻelua.

Ua kālailai ʻia ka haku mele ʻana ma ke kiko kiko ma nā kūlana like ʻole o ka ʻāpana kea. Hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana kiʻi kiko ma ka Figure 7, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana o EDS o nā wahi like ʻole ma ka Papa 3. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea Cr a me Ni i loko o ka uea kuʻi, ʻo ka Cr a me Ni maʻiʻo o ka papa pale. ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea makua, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ka papa pale ma mua o ka mea makua.

2.4 ʻIkepili Microhardness o ka papa pale
Ua ana ʻia ka microhardness o ka hāpana. I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻo 1000 g ka ukana, ʻo ka manawa paʻa he 10 s, ʻo ke ala ana ma ke ala mai ka mea makua a hiki i ka ʻāpana pale, a ʻo ka manawa ma waena o ʻelua mau wahi hoʻohālike pili he 1 mm. Hōʻike ʻia ka puʻunaue microhardness mai ka mea makua a hiki i ka ʻāpana pale ma ka Figure 8. ʻO ka awelika microhardness o ka mea makua he 172.02 HV, a ʻo ka microhardness awelika o ka papa cladding he 320.13 HV. ʻO ka microstructure o ka papa pale hope loa he nui ka ferrite, widmanstattenite a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka lath martensite a me ka pearlite. ʻO ka waiwai paʻakikī o kēia wahi microstructure ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia ka 325.92HV. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī maʻamau ma mua o ka mea makua, e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka ikaika hoʻoponopono. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8, ua puʻunaue ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka ʻāpana pale ma ke ʻano heʻanuʻu. ʻO kēia no ka mea i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka uea laser multi-layer a me ka multi-pass, e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia papa cladding kahi hopena hoʻomehana ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka papa mua i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, a me ka hopena preheating ma ka papa aʻe. He hopena preheating ka papa pani hope loa me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka paʻakikī.

2.5 Ka nānā 'ana o ka corrosion kū'ē o ka cladding papa
Lawe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻino metala ma ke ʻano o ka corrosion electrochemical, a ua hui pū ʻia ke kaʻina hana corrosion me ka hana o kēia manawa, e like me ka pākaukau mua [13-14]. I mea e ho'āʻo ai i ka hana ʻino electrochemical o ka ʻāpana multi-layer a me ka multi-pass cladding layer, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka specimen i loko o kahi solution 3.5% NaCl e hoʻāʻo ai i kāna pihi polarization Tafel a me ka spectrum impedance.

Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana polarization o ka ʻāpana pale a me nā mea kumu ma ka Figure 9. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he ʻāpana passivation ka ʻaoʻao polarization o ka ʻāpana pale, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide ma luna o ka ʻili o ka papa i ka wā. ke kaʻina hana ʻino. ʻO nā mea e like me Cr, Ni, a me Si i loko o ke kiʻi oxide e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa o ka passivation, e pale i ka diffusion o nā ion, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ponoʻī ʻo Ecorr a me ka ʻino ponoʻī o kēia manawa ʻo Icorr o ka papa pale a me ka mea kumu i loaʻa i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻikepili, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 4. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe iā ia iho ʻo Ecorr o kahi metala i loko o kahi hopena electrolyte e hōʻike ana i kona ʻike i ka ʻinoʻino a he hōʻailona ia o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka mea i ka ʻino electrochemical. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hiki ke hoʻopōʻino iā ia iho, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka metala e nalowale i nā electrons a ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion; ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻopōʻino iā ia iho, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka metala e nalowale i nā electrons a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion[14]. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 4, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe iā ia iho o ka ʻāpana pale ma mua o ka mea kumu, e hōʻike ana he ikaika ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o ka ʻino ponoʻī ʻo Icorr i ka nui o ka corrosion. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka corrosion au, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka corrosion rate o ka mea a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻikepili ma ka Papa 4, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke au o ka ʻino ponoʻī o ka mea kumu ma mua o ka papa pale, e hōʻike ana he ʻilihune ka pale ʻana o ka mea kumu. No laila, ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe iā ia iho a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana iā ia iho, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka pale ʻana ma mua o ka mea kumu.

Ua ho'āʻoʻia ka papa pale a me ka mea kumu e ka impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana impedance spectrum Nyquist o nā laʻana ʻelua ma ke Kiʻi 10. ʻO Z 'a me Z" nā ʻāpana maoli a me ka noʻonoʻo o ka impedance Z, kēlā me kēia. . Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana pale a me ka mea kumu i kahi ʻano capacitive arc hoʻokahi. ʻO ka nui o ka radius arc capacitive, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka impedance o ka hāpana a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka radius arc capacitive o ka papa pale ma mua o ka mea kumu. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūpaʻa polarization o ka ʻāpana pale, e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka corrosion rate o ka papa cladding a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka corrosion resistance, i kūlike me nā hopena o ka pihi polarization dynamic.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ka papa cladding ma mua o ka mea kumu. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻohana ka mea pale i ka uea kuʻi AFEW6-86, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Cr a me Ni ma mua o ka waihona kumu, i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation a me ka corrosion. I loko o kahi pōʻino, i ka wā e hana ai ʻo Cr me nā mea O, e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻokiʻoki i ka corrosion-resistant ma luna o ka ʻili, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka ʻili metala mai ke ʻano corrosive, e hōʻemi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe o ka anode, a hoʻemi i ka hemo. ka nui o ka metala pale, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ka papa pā. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion[15-16]. ʻO ke kumu ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka lōkahi o ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa i loko o ka ʻāpana pale ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokomo wela.

3 Hoʻopau
(1) ʻO ka papa pale i loaʻa e ka multi-layer a me ka multi-pass kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe uwea laser maikaʻi ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka macroscopic, ʻaʻohe hemahema e like me nā pores a me nā māwae, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi paʻa metallurgical maikaʻi ma waena o ka papa pale a me ka mea makua. Aia kahi puʻupuʻu kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi, a ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka papa pale he 11.5mm.
(2) ʻO ka papa hoʻopaʻa lole ka mea nui i haku ʻia me ferrite, widmanstatten a me lath martensite. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike Cr a me Ni i loko o ka papa pale ma mua o ka mea i loko o ka mea makua. ʻO nā mea Cr a me Ni e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivation, keʻakeʻa i ka diffusion o nā ion, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa oxidation a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka papa cladding. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokomo wela, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa i loko o ka ʻāpana pale, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o ka corrosion o ka ʻōpala ma mua o ka mea makua.
(3) He 172.02HV ka awelika o ka paakiki o ka mea makua, a he 320.13HV ka awelika o ka oolea, oi aku ka oi aku o ka paakiki ma mua o ka mea makua. Ma muli o ka mana o ka microstructure a me ka nui o ka palaoa, ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka ʻāpana pale e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hoʻohele like ʻana ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa.