Ƙari da ƙari karfe ƙari masana'antu ana amfani da sassa a cikin jirgin sama. Ƙarfe ƙãra masana'anta tsari ne na kera kusan-net-net dangane da ƙirar bayanai mai girma uku na samfur. Na'urar firikwensin mai nau'in nau'i uku yana yanke bayanan samfuri mai girma uku, yana narkar da foda na karfe ta hanyar tushen zafi mai ƙarfi kamar katako na Laser ko katako na lantarki, da sauri ya ƙarfafa shi, yana samar da fili mai nuni zuwa-zuwa- nuna layi mai motsi, sannan a ƙarshe liƙa shi Layer by Layer don samar da mahaɗin samfur mai girma uku. A matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta naúrar kayan a cikin masana'antar ƙari na ƙarfe, abubuwan da suka dace na zahiri da sinadarai na ƙarfe foda suna tasiri sosai ga ɗaukacin sassan da aka kera na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu, akwai ƙananan ƙananan karatu game da ainihin kaddarorin foda masu alaƙa da masana'anta masu ƙari, da kuma kayan aikin foda da aikin samfurin ƙarshe kawai an kwatanta su da inganci, kuma babu wani tsarin ƙididdigewa. Abu na biyu, babban abin da ke faruwa na fasahar ƙara karafa a zahiri shi ne cewa ƙasashen waje sun fi ci gaban cikin gida, wanda kuma yana nuna ingancin foda. A halin yanzu, a cikin nau'i-nau'i uku na masana'antu na titanium gami da foda mai zafi mai zafi, yin amfani da foda na gida yakan haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci musamman don nazarin ainihin abubuwan foda na ƙarfe da ake amfani da su a masana'anta, wanda kuma shine mabuɗin tabbatar da ingancin iska na sassa.

1. Fahimtar kayan foda da bincike

Ainihin Properties na karfe powders for ƙari masana'antu da aka nuna a cikin Figure 1: bayyanar, abun da ke ciki, barbashi size, sphericity, fluidity, yawa da hollowness, da dai sauransu Wadannan abubuwa aiki tare don shafar overall yi na samfurin.

1.1 Binciken gwajin bayyanar
Mafi karfe powders for ƙari masana'antu da m bayyanar da m da m barbashi surface, kamar yadda aka nuna a Figure 2. Wadannan halaye ne conducive zuwa foda ta sha na Laser ko lantarki katako makamashi; duk da haka, da m barbashi surface kuma rinjayar da foda yada da fluidity a lokacin ƙari masana'antu tsari, wanda bi da bi tsanani rinjayar da yawa da kuma inji Properties na samfurin; yawancin guraben ƙorafi na ƙorafi sune dubun microns ko ma ƴan microns, wanda ke sauƙaƙa foda don mannewa da pellets kuma baya dacewa da yada foda iri ɗaya; ɓangarorin foda suna ƙanana kuma suna da sauƙin ɗaukar tururin ruwa da samun damshi yayin tattarawa da sufuri. Gwajin bayyanar foda ya dogara ne akan dubawa na gani, microscope na haske da microscopy na lantarki, kuma babban manufarsa shine lura da bayyanar gabaɗaya, sararin da ba a gani ba da kwanciyar hankali na foda. Saboda da kananan zurfin filin, Tantancewar microscopes gaba ɗaya m amfani ga lura da surface na macroscopically ci gaba da rarraba barbashi kamar karfe powders ga ƙari masana'antu.

1.2 Binciken gwajin abun da ke cikin foda
Table 1 shine ma'auni na ASTM don gano abun da ke cikin foda a cikin masana'anta na gama gari. Yafi amfani da X-ray emission spectroscopy, inert gas narkewa da inductively biyu plasma atomic watsi spectroscopy don nazarin abubuwan foda. Abubuwan foda a halin yanzu yana dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko Amurka na manyan sassa (sanduna, faranti, ƙirƙira da simintin gyare-gyare, da sauransu). Koyaya, kewayon abubuwan da ke tattare da irin waɗannan takaddun yana da faɗi da yawa, kuma yana da wahala a yi amfani da su azaman ma'aunin sarrafawa na ƙarshe don samfuran. Abu na biyu, a cikin tsarin masana'antar ƙari, foda shine matsakaicin nau'in sashi. An narke foda da sauri a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi kamar laser ko katako na lantarki. A ƙarshe, an sanyaya shi da sauri kuma yana tara cikin samfurin ƙarshe. Ko da yake lokacin narkewa da ƙarfafa foda yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, tsarin narkewa zai haifar da raguwa a cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi da sauƙi. Sabili da haka, kula da irin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin foda dole ne ya bambanta da na sashi.

1.3 Foda size ganowa da bincike
The barbashi size na ƙari masana'antu foda ne ci gaba da rarraba. Ko girman ɓangarorin sa ya rarraba daidai gwargwado yana shafar yaduwar foda da yawa na samfurin. Bisa ga cikakkiyar dabarar ka'idar tattara bayanai mafi kusa na ci gaba da rarraba girman barbashi, ana nuna shi a cikin dabara (1) (don Allah a duba hoton da ke cikin labarin don tsarin). A cikin dabara: P shine wucewar sieve; di shine diamita na kowane ramin sieve mai daraja ko girman barbashi; D shine matsakaicin girman ƙwayar foda; n shine ma'auni, wanda ya dogara da siffar foda.

Sai kawai a lokacin da foda barbashi size rarraba gamsu da wannan dabara ko yana kusa da shi, za a iya yadda ya kamata foda a yawa cushe lokacin yada, don tabbatar da yawa na karshe samfurin.

Babban hanyoyin gwaji don girman ƙwayar foda sune bincike na sieve, ƙididdigar girman ƙwayar laser da nazarin hoto. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 3, babban tushen hanyar sieving shine diamita na silinda tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙayyadaddun diamita na foda. Dangane da ma'auni ASTM B214, hanyar sieving ana amfani da foda na ciki tare da girman barbashi sama da 45 μm. The barbashi size na foda-ciyar irin foda ne game da 100 μm, wanda shi ne gaba ɗaya m ga wannan misali, amma da barbashi size na foda- yada foda ne game da 50 μm, wanda bai dace da wannan misali.

ASTM B822 yana amfani da Laser don nazarin girman barbashi na foda na karfe, kuma ana nuna ka'idodinsa a cikin Hoto 4. Lokacin da Laser ya ci karo da ɓangarorin foda a lokacin yaduwa, zai watsar, kuma kusurwar watsawa θ ya bambanta da girman girman foda. . Hasken tarwatsewa a cikin yanki ɗaya yana fitowa daga foda na girman barbashi iri ɗaya. Ta hanyar nazarin ƙarfin haske da matsayi na hasken da aka tarwatsa, ana iya samun bayanin siga na girman ƙwayar foda da adadin foda. Hoto na 5 yana nuna sakamakon binciken girman ƙwayar laser na wani nau'in ciyar da foda (a) da nau'in yada foda (b).

Hanyar nazarin hoton ita ce bincika hotuna masu girma biyu na ɓangarorin foda da dacewa da iyakokin foda ta hanyar lissafi na nazari don samun diamita na foda daidai diamita, daidai da diamita na kewaye da diamita na Feret (nisa tsakanin layin tangent guda biyu daidai da iyakokin foda). Koyaya, a halin yanzu babu wasu ƙa'idodi masu dacewa don daidaita aikin wannan gwajin bincike da kuma kawar da tsoma bakin ɗan adam.

1.4 Ganewar Halittu da bincike
Sphericity ma'auni ne wanda in an kwatanta da ingancin foda. A halin yanzu, yawancin foda na karfe da ake amfani da su a masana'antar ƙari ana shirya su ta hanyar fasahar atomization na iskar gas, kuma yanayin foda yana da girma. Hoto na 6 shine micrograph na lantarki na wani nau'in foda na alloy na titanium. Za a iya ganin cewa mafi yawan foda suna da siffar zobe, girman ƙwayar foda yana da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, wasu foda kaɗan suna da ƙananan ƙwayoyin foda da aka haɗa su a saman, kuma ƙananan adadi suna rarraba ba bisa ka'ida ba. Mafi kusancin foda yana zuwa yanki, sauƙin yada shi, kuma mafi fa'ida shine aikin samfurin. Dangane da hanyar nazarin nau'in nau'i na foda bisa ga hotunan foda mai nau'i biyu, ainihin foda yawanci foda ne mara kyau. Hanya ɗaya ita ce ta dace da ellipse na Legendre ta hanyar lissafi na nazari, da ayyana rabon manya da ƙananan gatura na fitattun ellipse a matsayin sphericity. Matsakaicin kusancin rabo shine 1, mafi kyawun sphericity foda. Wata hanya ita ce auna kewayen S na gefen waje na foda da aka sani da foda A, sa'an nan kuma ayyana sphericity α: α = S2 / 4πA (duba dabara 2 a cikin adadi). Idan α yana kusa da 1, foda da za a gwada yana da kusan siffa. Ana nuna zanen bincike na hoto a hoto na 7.

1.5 Gano da yawa foda da bincike
Yawan foda ya kasu kashi-kashi mai yawa, yawan famfo da yawa na gaskiya. Sako da yawa shine yawan adadin kowace raka'a na foda a ƙarƙashin tari kyauta. Sako da yawa ana yin su ne bisa ga ka'idodin ASTM B212, B329, B417 da B703; Matsakaicin yawan famfo (ASTM B527) shine yawan adadin kowace naúrar foda lokacin da ƙarar ya kasance baya canzawa a ƙarƙashin girgizar waje. Matsakaicin su zuwa ainihin ƙimar foda (ASTM B927) na iya ƙayyade ƙimar samfurin ƙarshe. Ana nuna ƙimar ƙimar foda da ƙimar bincike a cikin Table 2.

1.6 Ganewa da bincike na foda
Flowability alama ce mai mahimmanci don auna rarrabawa da isar da foda. Za'a iya bayyana saurin gudu ta lokacin da ake ɗaukar wani taro ko ƙarar foda don wucewa ta cikin kayan aiki, ko kuma ana iya nunawa ta hanyar tarin foda. Mafi kyawun ƙoshin foda, mafi dacewa don yadawa da isar da shi yayin aikin masana'anta na foda, kuma mafi dacewa shine samun sassan masana'anta masu ƙari tare da ƙimar tsari mai kyau da aiki. Gwajin kaddarorin foda galibi ana ƙaddara ta kusurwar mazugi da foda ya kafa lokacin da aka tara foda kyauta. Kwarewa ta nuna cewa mafi girman kusurwar, mafi muni da ruwan foda.
Hakanan za'a iya auna ruwan foda ta hanyar amfani da na'urar rheometer Hall (ASTM B213) da carney (ASTM B964) rheometer don auna lokacin da ake ɗauka don 50 g na foda ya gudana, ko ta amfani da mitar Arnold da na'urar rheometer Hall. ASTM B855) don auna lokacin da ake ɗaukar 20 cm3 na foda don gudana ta hanyar nuna ruwan foda. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa foda tare da ruwa mai kyau yana amfani da mita kwararar Hall, kuma foda tare da rashin ruwa mara kyau yana amfani da mitar kwararar Carney (mitar kwararar Carney da mita kwararar Hall suna da ma'auni iri ɗaya sai dai girman diamita na diamita. famfon foda, da buɗaɗɗen mazurari na Carney ϕ 0.20in (≈5mm) ya fi girma fiye da mazurari na Hall ϕ 0.10mm (≈2.5mm)).

1.7 Ganewar hollowness foda da bincike
Hollowness na foda shine rabon sararin da ba za a iya cikawa ba wanda ke kewaye da ƙarfe zuwa jimlar foda, wanda ke rinjayar ƙarancin foda na ƙarshe. Za a iya bayyana hollowness na foda ta hanyar adadin adadin da adadin ƙarar foda mai zurfi. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da metallographic da CT galibi don gwaji. Gwajin CT yana da sauƙi mai sauƙi amma tsada, yayin da gwajin metallographic yana da wuyar haifar da foda ya fadi a lokacin shirye-shiryen samfurin, yana shafar sakamako na ƙarshe na foda.

2 Sauran matakan da suka danganci foda
Ma'aunin ƙasa yana da abun da ke ciki na foda mai dacewa, girman barbashi, ruwa da ƙa'idodin gwajin yawa, amma gabaɗaya sun yi kama da matsayin ASTM. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ASTM ta fito da ka'idoji masu alaƙa da masana'antar ƙari. Daga cikin su, ka'idodin foda suna buƙatar kulawa da sarrafa kayan albarkatun foda, rikodin yin amfani da foda, da ka'idojin da aka yi shawarwari akan lamba da rabo na sake amfani da foda. A ka'ida, ana iya sake yin amfani da foda da aka yi amfani da su a cikin masana'anta na ƙari, amma a cikin ainihin samarwa, adadin foda da ake amfani da shi don ƙarin daidaitattun sassa bai wuce sau uku ba, amma matsakaicin adadin foda bai kamata ya wuce sau 10 ba. Ana nuna wasu ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da foda a cikin Tebur 3.

Kammalallen 3
A bayyanar, abun da ke ciki, barbashi size, sphericity, fluidity, yawa da hollowness na karfe foda tsanani tasiri yi na ƙari masana'antu sassa. Ma'auni na ƙasa da ASTM don abun da ke ciki, girman barbashi, ruwa da gwajin yawa sun cika cikakke, amma babu wani ma'aunin gwaji na ingancin foda don bayyanar, sphericity da hollowness. Ko da yake an gabatar da adadin ƙa'idodin masana'anta, babu wani ma'aunin gwaji da ya dace don hanyar binciken hoton foda da aka saba amfani da shi. A ƙarƙashin hanyoyin gwajin da ake da su, nau'ikan kaddarorin foda an daidaita su, amma ma'anar da sakamakon gwajin ƙarshe ya wakilta ba za a iya bayyana shi ba, kuma har yanzu ba a haɗa ka'idodin kimantawa ba. Babban tushe don gwajin foda shine auna ingancin foda dangane da abubuwan da ke akwai masu dacewa, dacewa da hanyoyin gwaji masu sauri tare da ɗanɗano kaɗan, don haka yana da matukar mahimmanci kuma yana da ma'ana don kafa saitin gwaji da ƙimar ƙimar da suka dace da ƙari masana'anta foda.